mirror of
https://github.com/bunny-lab-io/Borealis.git
synced 2025-10-27 07:21:58 -06:00
447 lines
27 KiB
HTML
447 lines
27 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||
|
||
<html lang="en" data-content_root="../">
|
||
<head>
|
||
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
|
||
<meta property="og:title" content="atexit — Exit handlers" />
|
||
<meta property="og:type" content="website" />
|
||
<meta property="og:url" content="https://docs.python.org/3/library/atexit.html" />
|
||
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Python documentation" />
|
||
<meta property="og:description" content="The atexit module defines functions to register and unregister cleanup functions. Functions thus registered are automatically executed upon normal interpreter termination. atexit runs these functio..." />
|
||
<meta property="og:image" content="https://docs.python.org/3/_static/og-image.png" />
|
||
<meta property="og:image:alt" content="Python documentation" />
|
||
<meta name="description" content="The atexit module defines functions to register and unregister cleanup functions. Functions thus registered are automatically executed upon normal interpreter termination. atexit runs these functio..." />
|
||
<meta property="og:image:width" content="200">
|
||
<meta property="og:image:height" content="200">
|
||
<meta name="theme-color" content="#3776ab">
|
||
|
||
<title>atexit — Exit handlers — Python 3.13.3 documentation</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
|
||
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css?v=b86133f3" />
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css?v=23252803" />
|
||
<link id="pygments_dark_css" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments_dark.css?v=5349f25f" />
|
||
|
||
<script src="../_static/documentation_options.js?v=5d57ca2d"></script>
|
||
<script src="../_static/doctools.js?v=9bcbadda"></script>
|
||
<script src="../_static/sphinx_highlight.js?v=dc90522c"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script>
|
||
|
||
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
|
||
title="Search within Python 3.13.3 documentation"
|
||
href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>
|
||
<link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" />
|
||
<link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" />
|
||
<link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" />
|
||
<link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" />
|
||
<link rel="next" title="traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback" href="traceback.html" />
|
||
<link rel="prev" title="abc — Abstract Base Classes" href="abc.html" />
|
||
|
||
<link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/atexit.html">
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
<style>
|
||
@media only screen {
|
||
table.full-width-table {
|
||
width: 100%;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pydoctheme_dark.css" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" id="pydoctheme_dark_css">
|
||
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.svg" />
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/menu.js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/search-focus.js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/themetoggle.js"></script>
|
||
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/rtd_switcher.js"></script>
|
||
<meta name="readthedocs-addons-api-version" content="1">
|
||
|
||
</head>
|
||
<body>
|
||
<div class="mobile-nav">
|
||
<input type="checkbox" id="menuToggler" class="toggler__input" aria-controls="navigation"
|
||
aria-pressed="false" aria-expanded="false" role="button" aria-label="Menu" />
|
||
<nav class="nav-content" role="navigation">
|
||
<label for="menuToggler" class="toggler__label">
|
||
<span></span>
|
||
</label>
|
||
<span class="nav-items-wrapper">
|
||
<a href="https://www.python.org/" class="nav-logo">
|
||
<img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="Python logo"/>
|
||
</a>
|
||
<span class="version_switcher_placeholder"></span>
|
||
<form role="search" class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
|
||
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon">
|
||
<path fill-rule="nonzero" fill="currentColor" d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27a6.5 6.5 0 001.48-5.34c-.47-2.78-2.79-5-5.59-5.34a6.505 6.505 0 00-7.27 7.27c.34 2.8 2.56 5.12 5.34 5.59a6.5 6.5 0 005.34-1.48l.27.28v.79l4.25 4.25c.41.41 1.08.41 1.49 0 .41-.41.41-1.08 0-1.49L15.5 14zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z"></path>
|
||
</svg>
|
||
<input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="search" name="q" />
|
||
<input type="submit" value="Go"/>
|
||
</form>
|
||
</span>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
<div class="menu-wrapper">
|
||
<nav class="menu" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
|
||
<div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div>
|
||
|
||
<label class="theme-selector-label">
|
||
Theme
|
||
<select class="theme-selector" oninput="activateTheme(this.value)">
|
||
<option value="auto" selected>Auto</option>
|
||
<option value="light">Light</option>
|
||
<option value="dark">Dark</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</label>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> — Exit handlers</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#atexit-example"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> Example</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<h4>Previous topic</h4>
|
||
<p class="topless"><a href="abc.html"
|
||
title="previous chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">abc</span></code> — Abstract Base Classes</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<h4>Next topic</h4>
|
||
<p class="topless"><a href="traceback.html"
|
||
title="next chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">traceback</span></code> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div role="note" aria-label="source link">
|
||
<h3>This Page</h3>
|
||
<ul class="this-page-menu">
|
||
<li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Doc/library/atexit.rst"
|
||
rel="nofollow">Show Source
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</nav>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="Related">
|
||
<h3>Navigation</h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
|
||
<a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
|
||
accesskey="I">index</a></li>
|
||
<li class="right" >
|
||
<a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
|
||
>modules</a> |</li>
|
||
<li class="right" >
|
||
<a href="traceback.html" title="traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback"
|
||
accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
|
||
<li class="right" >
|
||
<a href="abc.html" title="abc — Abstract Base Classes"
|
||
accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
|
||
|
||
<li><img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="Python logo" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li>
|
||
<li class="switchers">
|
||
<div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div>
|
||
<div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cpython-language-and-version">
|
||
<a href="../index.html">3.13.3 Documentation</a> »
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="python.html" accesskey="U">Python Runtime Services</a> »</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> — Exit handlers</a></li>
|
||
<li class="right">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="inline-search" role="search">
|
||
<form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get">
|
||
<input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="search" name="q" id="search-box" />
|
||
<input type="submit" value="Go" />
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="right">
|
||
<label class="theme-selector-label">
|
||
Theme
|
||
<select class="theme-selector" oninput="activateTheme(this.value)">
|
||
<option value="auto" selected>Auto</option>
|
||
<option value="light">Light</option>
|
||
<option value="dark">Dark</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</label> |</li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="document">
|
||
<div class="documentwrapper">
|
||
<div class="bodywrapper">
|
||
<div class="body" role="main">
|
||
|
||
<section id="module-atexit">
|
||
<span id="atexit-exit-handlers"></span><h1><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> — Exit handlers<a class="headerlink" href="#module-atexit" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
|
||
<hr class="docutils" />
|
||
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-atexit" title="atexit: Register and execute cleanup functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code></a> module defines functions to register and unregister cleanup
|
||
functions. Functions thus registered are automatically executed upon normal
|
||
interpreter termination. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-atexit" title="atexit: Register and execute cleanup functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code></a> runs these functions in the <em>reverse</em>
|
||
order in which they were registered; if you register <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">B</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C</span></code>,
|
||
at interpreter termination time they will be run in the order <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">B</span></code>,
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The functions registered via this module are not called when the
|
||
program is killed by a signal not handled by Python, when a Python fatal
|
||
internal error is detected, or when <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os._exit" title="os._exit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os._exit()</span></code></a> is called.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>Note:</strong> The effect of registering or unregistering functions from within
|
||
a cleanup function is undefined.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.7: </span>When used with C-API subinterpreters, registered functions
|
||
are local to the interpreter they were registered in.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="atexit.register">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">atexit.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">register</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">func</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">kwargs</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#atexit.register" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Register <em>func</em> as a function to be executed at termination. Any optional
|
||
arguments that are to be passed to <em>func</em> must be passed as arguments to
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#atexit.register" title="atexit.register"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">register()</span></code></a>. It is possible to register the same function and arguments
|
||
more than once.</p>
|
||
<p>At normal program termination (for instance, if <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exit" title="sys.exit"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.exit()</span></code></a> is called or
|
||
the main module’s execution completes), all functions registered are called in
|
||
last in, first out order. The assumption is that lower level modules will
|
||
normally be imported before higher level modules and thus must be cleaned up
|
||
later.</p>
|
||
<p>If an exception is raised during execution of the exit handlers, a traceback is
|
||
printed (unless <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#SystemExit" title="SystemExit"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SystemExit</span></code></a> is raised) and the exception information is
|
||
saved. After all exit handlers have had a chance to run, the last exception to
|
||
be raised is re-raised.</p>
|
||
<p>This function returns <em>func</em>, which makes it possible to use it as a
|
||
decorator.</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition warning">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
|
||
<p>Starting new threads or calling <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.fork" title="os.fork"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.fork()</span></code></a> from a registered
|
||
function can lead to race condition between the main Python
|
||
runtime thread freeing thread states while internal <a class="reference internal" href="threading.html#module-threading" title="threading: Thread-based parallelism."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code></a>
|
||
routines or the new process try to use that state. This can lead to
|
||
crashes rather than clean shutdown.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.12: </span>Attempts to start a new thread or <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.fork" title="os.fork"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.fork()</span></code></a> a new process
|
||
in a registered function now leads to <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#RuntimeError" title="RuntimeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RuntimeError</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="atexit.unregister">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">atexit.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">unregister</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">func</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#atexit.unregister" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Remove <em>func</em> from the list of functions to be run at interpreter shutdown.
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#atexit.unregister" title="atexit.unregister"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unregister()</span></code></a> silently does nothing if <em>func</em> was not previously
|
||
registered. If <em>func</em> has been registered more than once, every occurrence
|
||
of that function in the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-atexit" title="atexit: Register and execute cleanup functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code></a> call stack will be removed. Equality
|
||
comparisons (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">==</span></code>) are used internally during unregistration, so function
|
||
references do not need to have matching identities.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<div class="admonition seealso">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
|
||
<dl class="simple">
|
||
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Useful example of <a class="reference internal" href="#module-atexit" title="atexit: Register and execute cleanup functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code></a> to read and write <a class="reference internal" href="readline.html#module-readline" title="readline: GNU readline support for Python. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code></a> history
|
||
files.</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<section id="atexit-example">
|
||
<span id="id1"></span><h2><a class="reference internal" href="#module-atexit" title="atexit: Register and execute cleanup functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code></a> Example<a class="headerlink" href="#atexit-example" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>The following simple example demonstrates how a module can initialize a counter
|
||
from a file when it is imported and save the counter’s updated value
|
||
automatically when the program terminates without relying on the application
|
||
making an explicit call into this module at termination.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'counterfile'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">infile</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="n">_count</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">infile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">())</span>
|
||
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">FileNotFoundError</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="n">_count</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">incrcounter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="k">global</span> <span class="n">_count</span>
|
||
<span class="n">_count</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">_count</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">n</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">savecounter</span><span class="p">():</span>
|
||
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'counterfile'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'w'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">outfile</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="n">outfile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s1">'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">_count</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">atexit</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="n">atexit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">savecounter</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Positional and keyword arguments may also be passed to <a class="reference internal" href="#atexit.register" title="atexit.register"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">register()</span></code></a> to be
|
||
passed along to the registered function when it is called:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">goodbye</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">adjective</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Goodbye </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1">, it was </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s1"> to meet you.'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">adjective</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">atexit</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="n">atexit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">goodbye</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'Donny'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'nice'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="c1"># or:</span>
|
||
<span class="n">atexit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">goodbye</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">adjective</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'nice'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'Donny'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Usage as a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-decorator"><span class="xref std std-term">decorator</span></a>:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">atexit</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="nd">@atexit</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span>
|
||
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">goodbye</span><span class="p">():</span>
|
||
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'You are now leaving the Python sector.'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>This only works with functions that can be called without arguments.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="clearer"></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="Main">
|
||
<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
|
||
<div>
|
||
<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> — Exit handlers</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#atexit-example"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> Example</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<h4>Previous topic</h4>
|
||
<p class="topless"><a href="abc.html"
|
||
title="previous chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">abc</span></code> — Abstract Base Classes</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div>
|
||
<h4>Next topic</h4>
|
||
<p class="topless"><a href="traceback.html"
|
||
title="next chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">traceback</span></code> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div role="note" aria-label="source link">
|
||
<h3>This Page</h3>
|
||
<ul class="this-page-menu">
|
||
<li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
<a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Doc/library/atexit.rst"
|
||
rel="nofollow">Show Source
|
||
</a>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sidebarbutton" title="Collapse sidebar">
|
||
<span>«</span>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="clearer"></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="Related">
|
||
<h3>Navigation</h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
|
||
<a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
|
||
>index</a></li>
|
||
<li class="right" >
|
||
<a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
|
||
>modules</a> |</li>
|
||
<li class="right" >
|
||
<a href="traceback.html" title="traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback"
|
||
>next</a> |</li>
|
||
<li class="right" >
|
||
<a href="abc.html" title="abc — Abstract Base Classes"
|
||
>previous</a> |</li>
|
||
|
||
<li><img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="Python logo" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
|
||
<li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li>
|
||
<li class="switchers">
|
||
<div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div>
|
||
<div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li>
|
||
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li id="cpython-language-and-version">
|
||
<a href="../index.html">3.13.3 Documentation</a> »
|
||
</li>
|
||
|
||
<li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="python.html" >Python Runtime Services</a> »</li>
|
||
<li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href=""><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> — Exit handlers</a></li>
|
||
<li class="right">
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="inline-search" role="search">
|
||
<form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get">
|
||
<input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="search" name="q" id="search-box" />
|
||
<input type="submit" value="Go" />
|
||
</form>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li class="right">
|
||
<label class="theme-selector-label">
|
||
Theme
|
||
<select class="theme-selector" oninput="activateTheme(this.value)">
|
||
<option value="auto" selected>Auto</option>
|
||
<option value="light">Light</option>
|
||
<option value="dark">Dark</option>
|
||
</select>
|
||
</label> |</li>
|
||
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="footer">
|
||
©
|
||
<a href="../copyright.html">
|
||
|
||
Copyright
|
||
|
||
</a>
|
||
2001-2025, Python Software Foundation.
|
||
<br />
|
||
This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2.
|
||
<br />
|
||
Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License.
|
||
<br />
|
||
|
||
See <a href="/license.html">History and License</a> for more information.<br />
|
||
|
||
|
||
<br />
|
||
|
||
The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation.
|
||
<a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a>
|
||
<br />
|
||
<br />
|
||
Last updated on Apr 08, 2025 (14:33 UTC).
|
||
|
||
<a href="/bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?
|
||
|
||
<br />
|
||
|
||
Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 8.2.3.
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html> |