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<section id="module-__future__">
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<span id="future-future-statement-definitions"></span><h1><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code> — Future statement definitions<a class="headerlink" href="#module-__future__" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.13/Lib/__future__.py">Lib/__future__.py</a></p>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p>Imports of the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">feature</span></code> are called
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<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#future"><span class="std std-ref">future statements</span></a>. These are special-cased by the Python compiler
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to allow the use of new Python features in modules containing the future statement
|
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before the release in which the feature becomes standard.</p>
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<p>While these future statements are given additional special meaning by the
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Python compiler, they are still executed like any other import statement and
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the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-__future__" title="__future__: Future statement definitions"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code></a> exists and is handled by the import system the same way
|
||
any other Python module would be. This design serves three purposes:</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
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||
<li><p>To avoid confusing existing tools that analyze import statements and expect to
|
||
find the modules they’re importing.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>To document when incompatible changes were introduced, and when they will be
|
||
— or were — made mandatory. This is a form of executable documentation, and
|
||
can be inspected programmatically via importing <a class="reference internal" href="#module-__future__" title="__future__: Future statement definitions"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code></a> and examining
|
||
its contents.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>To ensure that <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#future"><span class="std std-ref">future statements</span></a> run under releases prior to
|
||
Python 2.1 at least yield runtime exceptions (the import of <a class="reference internal" href="#module-__future__" title="__future__: Future statement definitions"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code></a>
|
||
will fail, because there was no module of that name prior to 2.1).</p></li>
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</ul>
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<section id="module-contents">
|
||
<h2>Module Contents<a class="headerlink" href="#module-contents" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>No feature description will ever be deleted from <a class="reference internal" href="#module-__future__" title="__future__: Future statement definitions"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code></a>. Since its
|
||
introduction in Python 2.1 the following features have found their way into the
|
||
language using this mechanism:</p>
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||
<table class="docutils align-default">
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||
<thead>
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||
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>feature</p></th>
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<th class="head"><p>optional in</p></th>
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<th class="head"><p>mandatory in</p></th>
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<th class="head"><p>effect</p></th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr class="row-even"><td><p>nested_scopes</p></td>
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<td><p>2.1.0b1</p></td>
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<td><p>2.2</p></td>
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||
<td><p><span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0227/"><strong>PEP 227</strong></a>:
|
||
<em>Statically Nested Scopes</em></p></td>
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||
</tr>
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<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>generators</p></td>
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<td><p>2.2.0a1</p></td>
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<td><p>2.3</p></td>
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||
<td><p><span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0255/"><strong>PEP 255</strong></a>:
|
||
<em>Simple Generators</em></p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>division</p></td>
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||
<td><p>2.2.0a2</p></td>
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||
<td><p>3.0</p></td>
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||
<td><p><span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0238/"><strong>PEP 238</strong></a>:
|
||
<em>Changing the Division Operator</em></p></td>
|
||
</tr>
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||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>absolute_import</p></td>
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<td><p>2.5.0a1</p></td>
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||
<td><p>3.0</p></td>
|
||
<td><p><span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0328/"><strong>PEP 328</strong></a>:
|
||
<em>Imports: Multi-Line and Absolute/Relative</em></p></td>
|
||
</tr>
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||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>with_statement</p></td>
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||
<td><p>2.5.0a1</p></td>
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||
<td><p>2.6</p></td>
|
||
<td><p><span class="target" id="index-4"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0343/"><strong>PEP 343</strong></a>:
|
||
<em>The “with” Statement</em></p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>print_function</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>2.6.0a2</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>3.0</p></td>
|
||
<td><p><span class="target" id="index-5"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-3105/"><strong>PEP 3105</strong></a>:
|
||
<em>Make print a function</em></p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>unicode_literals</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>2.6.0a2</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>3.0</p></td>
|
||
<td><p><span class="target" id="index-6"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-3112/"><strong>PEP 3112</strong></a>:
|
||
<em>Bytes literals in Python 3000</em></p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>generator_stop</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>3.5.0b1</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>3.7</p></td>
|
||
<td><p><span class="target" id="index-7"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0479/"><strong>PEP 479</strong></a>:
|
||
<em>StopIteration handling inside generators</em></p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>annotations</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>3.7.0b1</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>TBD <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id2" id="id1" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a></p></td>
|
||
<td><p><span class="target" id="index-8"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0563/"><strong>PEP 563</strong></a>:
|
||
<em>Postponed evaluation of annotations</em></p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
<dl class="py class" id="future-classes">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="future__._Feature">
|
||
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">class</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">__future__.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">_Feature</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#future__._Feature" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Each statement in <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__.py</span></code> is of the form:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">FeatureName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">_Feature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OptionalRelease</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MandatoryRelease</span><span class="p">,</span>
|
||
<span class="n">CompilerFlag</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>where, normally, <em>OptionalRelease</em> is less than <em>MandatoryRelease</em>, and both are
|
||
5-tuples of the same form as <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.version_info" title="sys.version_info"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.version_info</span></code></a>:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PY_MAJOR_VERSION</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1"># the 2 in 2.1.0a3; an int</span>
|
||
<span class="n">PY_MINOR_VERSION</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1"># the 1; an int</span>
|
||
<span class="n">PY_MICRO_VERSION</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1"># the 0; an int</span>
|
||
<span class="n">PY_RELEASE_LEVEL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1"># "alpha", "beta", "candidate" or "final"; string</span>
|
||
<span class="n">PY_RELEASE_SERIAL</span> <span class="c1"># the 3; an int</span>
|
||
<span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py method">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="future__._Feature.getOptionalRelease">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">_Feature.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getOptionalRelease</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#future__._Feature.getOptionalRelease" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><em>OptionalRelease</em> records the first release in which the feature was accepted.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py method">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="future__._Feature.getMandatoryRelease">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">_Feature.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getMandatoryRelease</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#future__._Feature.getMandatoryRelease" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>In the case of a <em>MandatoryRelease</em> that has not yet occurred,
|
||
<em>MandatoryRelease</em> predicts the release in which the feature will become part of
|
||
the language.</p>
|
||
<p>Else <em>MandatoryRelease</em> records when the feature became part of the language; in
|
||
releases at or after that, modules no longer need a future statement to use the
|
||
feature in question, but may continue to use such imports.</p>
|
||
<p><em>MandatoryRelease</em> may also be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, meaning that a planned feature got
|
||
dropped or that it is not yet decided.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py attribute">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="future__._Feature.compiler_flag">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">_Feature.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">compiler_flag</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#future__._Feature.compiler_flag" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><em>CompilerFlag</em> is the (bitfield) flag that should be passed in the fourth
|
||
argument to the built-in function <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile" title="compile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile()</span></code></a> to enable the feature in
|
||
dynamically compiled code. This flag is stored in the <a class="reference internal" href="#future__._Feature.compiler_flag" title="__future__._Feature.compiler_flag"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_Feature.compiler_flag</span></code></a>
|
||
attribute on <a class="reference internal" href="#future__._Feature" title="__future__._Feature"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_Feature</span></code></a> instances.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<aside class="footnote-list brackets">
|
||
<aside class="footnote brackets" id="id2" role="doc-footnote">
|
||
<span class="label"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span><a role="doc-backlink" href="#id1">1</a><span class="fn-bracket">]</span></span>
|
||
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">__future__</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">annotations</span></code> was previously scheduled to
|
||
become mandatory in Python 3.10, but the Python Steering Council
|
||
twice decided to delay the change
|
||
(<a class="reference external" href="https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-dev@python.org/message/CLVXXPQ2T2LQ5MP2Y53VVQFCXYWQJHKZ/">announcement for Python 3.10</a>;
|
||
<a class="reference external" href="https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-dev@python.org/message/VIZEBX5EYMSYIJNDBF6DMUMZOCWHARSO/">announcement for Python 3.11</a>).
|
||
No final decision has been made yet. See also <span class="target" id="index-9"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0563/"><strong>PEP 563</strong></a> and <span class="target" id="index-10"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0649/"><strong>PEP 649</strong></a>.</p>
|
||
</aside>
|
||
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|
||
<div class="admonition seealso">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
|
||
<dl class="simple">
|
||
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#future"><span class="std std-ref">Future statements</span></a></dt><dd><p>How the compiler treats future imports.</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt><span class="target" id="index-11"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0236/"><strong>PEP 236</strong></a> - Back to the __future__</dt><dd><p>The original proposal for the __future__ mechanism.</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
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|
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