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<section id="module-pickletools">
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<span id="pickletools-tools-for-pickle-developers"></span><h1><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickletools</span></code> — Tools for pickle developers<a class="headerlink" href="#module-pickletools" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.13/Lib/pickletools.py">Lib/pickletools.py</a></p>
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<hr class="docutils" />
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<p>This module contains various constants relating to the intimate details of the
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<a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#module-pickle" title="pickle: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code></a> module, some lengthy comments about the implementation, and a
|
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few useful functions for analyzing pickled data. The contents of this module
|
||
are useful for Python core developers who are working on the <a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#module-pickle" title="pickle: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code></a>;
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ordinary users of the <a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#module-pickle" title="pickle: Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code></a> module probably won’t find the
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-pickletools" title="pickletools: Contains extensive comments about the pickle protocols and pickle-machine opcodes, as well as some useful functions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickletools</span></code></a> module relevant.</p>
|
||
<section id="command-line-usage">
|
||
<span id="pickletools-cli"></span><h2>Command line usage<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-usage" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.2.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>When invoked from the command line, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">pickletools</span></code> will
|
||
disassemble the contents of one or more pickle files. Note that if
|
||
you want to see the Python object stored in the pickle rather than the
|
||
details of pickle format, you may want to use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">pickle</span></code> instead.
|
||
However, when the pickle file that you want to examine comes from an
|
||
untrusted source, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">pickletools</span></code> is a safer option because it does
|
||
not execute pickle bytecode.</p>
|
||
<p>For example, with a tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(1,</span> <span class="pre">2)</span></code> pickled in file <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x.pickle</span></code>:</p>
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<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>pickle<span class="w"> </span>x.pickle
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<span class="gp gp-VirtualEnv">(1, 2)</span>
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<span class="gp">$ </span>python<span class="w"> </span>-m<span class="w"> </span>pickletools<span class="w"> </span>x.pickle
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<span class="go"> 0: \x80 PROTO 3</span>
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<span class="go"> 2: K BININT1 1</span>
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<span class="go"> 4: K BININT1 2</span>
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||
<span class="go"> 6: \x86 TUPLE2</span>
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<span class="go"> 7: q BINPUT 0</span>
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<span class="go"> 9: . STOP</span>
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<span class="go">highest protocol among opcodes = 2</span>
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</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<section id="command-line-options">
|
||
<h3>Command line options<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-options" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<dl class="std option">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-pickletools-a">
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||
<span id="cmdoption-pickletools-annotate"></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-a</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--annotate</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-pickletools-a" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
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<dd><p>Annotate each line with a short opcode description.</p>
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||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
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<dl class="std option">
|
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<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-pickletools-o">
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<span id="cmdoption-pickletools-output"></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-o</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--output</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">=<file></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-pickletools-o" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Name of a file where the output should be written.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="std option">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-pickletools-l">
|
||
<span id="cmdoption-pickletools-indentlevel"></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-l</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--indentlevel</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">=<num></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-pickletools-l" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>The number of blanks by which to indent a new MARK level.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="std option">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-pickletools-m">
|
||
<span id="cmdoption-pickletools-memo"></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-m</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--memo</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-pickletools-m" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>When multiple objects are disassembled, preserve memo between
|
||
disassemblies.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="std option">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="cmdoption-pickletools-p">
|
||
<span id="cmdoption-pickletools-preamble"></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">-p</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">,</span> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">--preamble</span></span><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">=<preamble></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#cmdoption-pickletools-p" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>When more than one pickle file are specified, print given preamble
|
||
before each disassembly.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="programmatic-interface">
|
||
<h2>Programmatic Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#programmatic-interface" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pickletools.dis">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pickletools.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dis</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pickle</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">out</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">memo</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">indentlevel</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">4</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">annotate</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pickletools.dis" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Outputs a symbolic disassembly of the pickle to the file-like
|
||
object <em>out</em>, defaulting to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></code>. <em>pickle</em> can be a
|
||
string or a file-like object. <em>memo</em> can be a Python dictionary
|
||
that will be used as the pickle’s memo; it can be used to perform
|
||
disassemblies across multiple pickles created by the same
|
||
pickler. Successive levels, indicated by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MARK</span></code> opcodes in the
|
||
stream, are indented by <em>indentlevel</em> spaces. If a nonzero value
|
||
is given to <em>annotate</em>, each opcode in the output is annotated with
|
||
a short description. The value of <em>annotate</em> is used as a hint for
|
||
the column where annotation should start.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Added the <em>annotate</em> parameter.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pickletools.genops">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pickletools.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">genops</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pickle</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pickletools.genops" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Provides an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-iterator"><span class="xref std std-term">iterator</span></a> over all of the opcodes in a pickle, returning a
|
||
sequence of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(opcode,</span> <span class="pre">arg,</span> <span class="pre">pos)</span></code> triples. <em>opcode</em> is an instance of an
|
||
<code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OpcodeInfo</span></code> class; <em>arg</em> is the decoded value, as a Python object, of
|
||
the opcode’s argument; <em>pos</em> is the position at which this opcode is located.
|
||
<em>pickle</em> can be a string or a file-like object.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
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<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pickletools.optimize">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pickletools.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">optimize</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">picklestring</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pickletools.optimize" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Returns a new equivalent pickle string after eliminating unused <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PUT</span></code>
|
||
opcodes. The optimized pickle is shorter, takes less transmission time,
|
||
requires less storage space, and unpickles more efficiently.</p>
|
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