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|   <section id="internet-protocols-and-support">
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| <span id="internet"></span><h1>Internet Protocols and Support<a class="headerlink" href="#internet-protocols-and-support" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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| <p id="index-1"><span id="index-0"></span>The modules described in this chapter implement internet protocols and  support
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| for related technology.  They are all implemented in Python. Most of these
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| modules require the presence of the system-dependent module <a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socket</span></code></a>, which
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| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref</span></code> — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation</a><ul>
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.util"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.util</span></code> – WSGI environment utilities</a></li>
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.headers"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.headers</span></code> – WSGI response header tools</a></li>
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.simple_server"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.simple_server</span></code> – a simple WSGI HTTP server</a></li>
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.validate"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.validate</span></code> — WSGI conformance checker</a></li>
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.handlers"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.handlers</span></code> – server/gateway base classes</a></li>
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.types"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.types</span></code> – WSGI types for static type checking</a></li>
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
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| </ul>
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| </li>
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| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code> — URL handling modules</a></li>
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| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></code> — Extensible library for opening URLs</a><ul>
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#request-objects">Request Objects</a></li>
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#openerdirector-objects">OpenerDirector Objects</a></li>
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#urllib-request-restrictions"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></code> Restrictions</a></li>
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| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#module-urllib.response"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.response</span></code> — Response classes used by urllib</a></li>
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html#parsing-ascii-encoded-bytes">Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes</a></li>
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html#url-quoting">URL Quoting</a></li>
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| </ul>
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| </li>
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| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.error.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.error</span></code> — Exception classes raised by urllib.request</a></li>
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| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.robotparser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.robotparser</span></code> —  Parser for robots.txt</a></li>
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| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http</span></code> — HTTP modules</a><ul>
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.html#http-status-codes">HTTP status codes</a></li>
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.html#http-status-category">HTTP status category</a></li>
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| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.client</span></code> — HTTP protocol client</a><ul>
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| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ftplib</span></code> — FTP protocol client</a><ul>
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| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">poplib</span></code> — POP3 protocol client</a><ul>
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| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code> — IMAP4 protocol client</a><ul>
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| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code> — SMTP protocol client</a><ul>
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| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socketserver</span></code> — A framework for network servers</a><ul>
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| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.server.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.server</span></code> — HTTP servers</a><ul>
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| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookies.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.cookies</span></code> — HTTP state management</a><ul>
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| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ipaddress</span></code> — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library</a><ul>
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| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#operators">Operators</a><ul>
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| <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#id1">Operators</a><ul>
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#interface-objects">Interface objects</a><ul>
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| <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#id3">Logical operators</a></li>
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| </ul>
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| <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html#other-module-level-functions">Other Module Level Functions</a></li>
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