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<ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> — Turtle graphics</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#get-started">Get started</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tutorial">Tutorial</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#starting-a-turtle-environment">Starting a turtle environment</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-drawing">Basic drawing</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pen-control">Pen control</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-turtle-s-position">The turtle’s position</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#making-algorithmic-patterns">Making algorithmic patterns</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to">How to…</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#get-started-as-quickly-as-possible">Get started as quickly as possible</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#use-the-turtle-module-namespace">Use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> module namespace</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#use-turtle-graphics-in-a-script">Use turtle graphics in a script</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#use-object-oriented-turtle-graphics">Use object-oriented turtle graphics</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-graphics-reference">Turtle graphics reference</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-methods">Turtle methods</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen">Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-of-rawturtle-turtle-and-corresponding-functions">Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-motion">Turtle motion</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tell-turtle-s-state">Tell Turtle’s state</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#settings-for-measurement">Settings for measurement</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1">Pen control</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#drawing-state">Drawing state</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#color-control">Color control</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#filling">Filling</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#more-drawing-control">More drawing control</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-state">Turtle state</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#visibility">Visibility</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#appearance">Appearance</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-events">Using events</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#special-turtle-methods">Special Turtle methods</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#compound-shapes">Compound shapes</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen-and-corresponding-functions">Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#window-control">Window control</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#animation-control">Animation control</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-screen-events">Using screen events</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#input-methods">Input methods</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#settings-and-special-methods">Settings and special methods</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-specific-to-screen-not-inherited-from-turtlescreen">Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#public-classes">Public classes</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#explanation">Explanation</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#help-and-configuration">Help and configuration</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-use-help">How to use help</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#translation-of-docstrings-into-different-languages">Translation of docstrings into different languages</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-configure-screen-and-turtles">How to configure Screen and Turtles</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtledemo"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtledemo</span></code> — Demo scripts</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#changes-since-python-2-6">Changes since Python 2.6</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#changes-since-python-3-0">Changes since Python 3.0</a></li>
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</ul>
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<section id="module-turtle">
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<span id="turtle-turtle-graphics"></span><h1><a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtle" title="turtle: An educational framework for simple graphics applications"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code></a> — Turtle graphics<a class="headerlink" href="#module-turtle" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.13/Lib/turtle.py">Lib/turtle.py</a></p>
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<section id="introduction">
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<h2>Introduction<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
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<p>Turtle graphics is an implementation of <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_(robot)">the popular geometric drawing tools
|
||
introduced in Logo</a>, developed by Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert and Cynthia Solomon
|
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in 1967.</p>
|
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</section>
|
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<section id="get-started">
|
||
<h2>Get started<a class="headerlink" href="#get-started" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. After an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">turtle</span></code>, give it the
|
||
command <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.forward(15)</span></code>, and it moves (on-screen!) 15 pixels in the
|
||
direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the command
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.right(25)</span></code>, and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise.</p>
|
||
<aside class="sidebar">
|
||
<p class="sidebar-title">Turtle star</p>
|
||
<p>Turtle can draw intricate shapes using programs that repeat simple
|
||
moves.</p>
|
||
<img alt="../_images/turtle-star.png" class="align-center" src="../_images/turtle-star.png" />
|
||
</aside>
|
||
<p>In Python, turtle graphics provides a representation of a physical “turtle”
|
||
(a little robot with a pen) that draws on a sheet of paper on the floor.</p>
|
||
<p>It’s an effective and well-proven way for learners to encounter
|
||
programming concepts and interaction with software, as it provides instant,
|
||
visible feedback. It also provides convenient access to graphical output
|
||
in general.</p>
|
||
<p>Turtle drawing was originally created as an educational tool, to be used by
|
||
teachers in the classroom. For the programmer who needs to produce some
|
||
graphical output it can be a way to do that without the overhead of
|
||
introducing more complex or external libraries into their work.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="tutorial">
|
||
<span id="turtle-tutorial"></span><h2>Tutorial<a class="headerlink" href="#tutorial" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>New users should start here. In this tutorial we’ll explore some of the
|
||
basics of turtle drawing.</p>
|
||
<section id="starting-a-turtle-environment">
|
||
<h3>Starting a turtle environment<a class="headerlink" href="#starting-a-turtle-environment" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>In a Python shell, import all the objects of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> module:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">turtle</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>If you run into a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">No</span> <span class="pre">module</span> <span class="pre">named</span> <span class="pre">'_tkinter'</span></code> error, you’ll have to
|
||
install the <a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.html#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tk</span> <span class="pre">interface</span> <span class="pre">package</span></code></a> on your system.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="basic-drawing">
|
||
<h3>Basic drawing<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-drawing" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>Send the turtle forward 100 steps:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>You should see (most likely, in a new window on your display) a line
|
||
drawn by the turtle, heading East. Change the direction of the turtle,
|
||
so that it turns 120 degrees left (anti-clockwise):</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">120</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Let’s continue by drawing a triangle:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">120</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Notice how the turtle, represented by an arrow, points in different
|
||
directions as you steer it.</p>
|
||
<p>Experiment with those commands, and also with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">backward()</span></code> and
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">right()</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<section id="pen-control">
|
||
<h4>Pen control<a class="headerlink" href="#pen-control" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
|
||
<p>Try changing the color - for example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">color('blue')</span></code> - and
|
||
width of the line - for example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width(3)</span></code> - and then drawing again.</p>
|
||
<p>You can also move the turtle around without drawing, by lifting up the pen:
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">up()</span></code> before moving. To start drawing again, use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">down()</span></code>.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="the-turtle-s-position">
|
||
<h4>The turtle’s position<a class="headerlink" href="#the-turtle-s-position" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
|
||
<p>Send your turtle back to its starting-point (useful if it has disappeared
|
||
off-screen):</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>The home position is at the center of the turtle’s screen. If you ever need to
|
||
know them, get the turtle’s x-y coordinates with:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Home is at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(0,</span> <span class="pre">0)</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<p>And after a while, it will probably help to clear the window so we can start
|
||
anew:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">clearscreen</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="making-algorithmic-patterns">
|
||
<h3>Making algorithmic patterns<a class="headerlink" href="#making-algorithmic-patterns" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>Using loops, it’s possible to build up geometric patterns:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">steps</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'blue'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'red'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'green'</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="n">color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">steps</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>- which of course, are limited only by the imagination!</p>
|
||
<p>Let’s draw the star shape at the top of this page. We want red lines,
|
||
filled in with yellow:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'red'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">fillcolor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'yellow'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Just as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">up()</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">down()</span></code> determine whether lines will be drawn,
|
||
filling can be turned on and off:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">begin_fill</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Next we’ll create a loop:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">while</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">170</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">abs</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="o"><</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="k">break</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">abs(pos())</span> <span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">1</span></code> is a good way to know when the turtle is back at its
|
||
home position.</p>
|
||
<p>Finally, complete the filling:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">end_fill</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>(Note that filling only actually takes place when you give the
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">end_fill()</span></code> command.)</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="how-to">
|
||
<span id="turtle-how-to"></span><h2>How to…<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>This section covers some typical turtle use-cases and approaches.</p>
|
||
<section id="get-started-as-quickly-as-possible">
|
||
<h3>Get started as quickly as possible<a class="headerlink" href="#get-started-as-quickly-as-possible" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>One of the joys of turtle graphics is the immediate, visual feedback that’s
|
||
available from simple commands - it’s an excellent way to introduce children
|
||
to programming ideas, with a minimum of overhead (not just children, of
|
||
course).</p>
|
||
<p>The turtle module makes this possible by exposing all its basic functionality
|
||
as functions, available with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">turtle</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code>. The <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-tutorial"><span class="std std-ref">turtle
|
||
graphics tutorial</span></a> covers this approach.</p>
|
||
<p>It’s worth noting that many of the turtle commands also have even more terse
|
||
equivalents, such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fd()</span></code> for <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.forward" title="turtle.forward"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">forward()</span></code></a>. These are especially
|
||
useful when working with learners for whom typing is not a skill.</p>
|
||
<blockquote id="note">
|
||
<div><p>You’ll need to have the <a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.html#module-tkinter" title="tkinter: Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tk</span> <span class="pre">interface</span> <span class="pre">package</span></code></a> installed on
|
||
your system for turtle graphics to work. Be warned that this is not
|
||
always straightforward, so check this in advance if you’re planning to
|
||
use turtle graphics with a learner.</p>
|
||
</div></blockquote>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="use-the-turtle-module-namespace">
|
||
<h3>Use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> module namespace<a class="headerlink" href="#use-the-turtle-module-namespace" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>Using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">turtle</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code> is convenient - but be warned that it imports a
|
||
rather large collection of objects, and if you’re doing anything but turtle
|
||
graphics you run the risk of a name conflict (this becomes even more an issue
|
||
if you’re using turtle graphics in a script where other modules might be
|
||
imported).</p>
|
||
<p>The solution is to use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">turtle</span></code> - <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fd()</span></code> becomes
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.fd()</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width()</span></code> becomes <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.width()</span></code> and so on. (If typing
|
||
“turtle” over and over again becomes tedious, use for example <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">turtle</span>
|
||
<span class="pre">as</span> <span class="pre">t</span></code> instead.)</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="use-turtle-graphics-in-a-script">
|
||
<h3>Use turtle graphics in a script<a class="headerlink" href="#use-turtle-graphics-in-a-script" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>It’s recommended to use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> module namespace as described
|
||
immediately above, for example:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">turtle</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">t</span>
|
||
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">random</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">random</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="n">steps</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">angle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">360</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">angle</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">steps</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Another step is also required though - as soon as the script ends, Python
|
||
will also close the turtle’s window. Add:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mainloop</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>to the end of the script. The script will now wait to be dismissed and
|
||
will not exit until it is terminated, for example by closing the turtle
|
||
graphics window.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="use-object-oriented-turtle-graphics">
|
||
<h3>Use object-oriented turtle graphics<a class="headerlink" href="#use-object-oriented-turtle-graphics" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<div class="admonition seealso">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
|
||
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-explanation"><span class="std std-ref">Explanation of the object-oriented interface</span></a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Other than for very basic introductory purposes, or for trying things out
|
||
as quickly as possible, it’s more usual and much more powerful to use the
|
||
object-oriented approach to turtle graphics. For example, this allows
|
||
multiple turtles on screen at once.</p>
|
||
<p>In this approach, the various turtle commands are methods of objects (mostly of
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Turtle</span></code> objects). You <em>can</em> use the object-oriented approach in the shell,
|
||
but it would be more typical in a Python script.</p>
|
||
<p>The example above then becomes:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">turtle</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Turtle</span>
|
||
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">random</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">random</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Turtle</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="n">steps</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">angle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">random</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">360</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">angle</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">steps</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mainloop</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Note the last line. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">t.screen</span></code> is an instance of the <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Screen" title="turtle.Screen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Screen</span></code></a>
|
||
that a Turtle instance exists on; it’s created automatically along with
|
||
the turtle.</p>
|
||
<p>The turtle’s screen can be customised, for example:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Object-oriented turtle demo'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bgcolor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"orange"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="turtle-graphics-reference">
|
||
<h2>Turtle graphics reference<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle-graphics-reference" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||
<p>In the following documentation the argument list for functions is given.
|
||
Methods, of course, have the additional first argument <em>self</em> which is
|
||
omitted here.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<section id="turtle-methods">
|
||
<h3>Turtle methods<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle-methods" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<dl>
|
||
<dt>Turtle motion</dt><dd><dl>
|
||
<dt>Move and draw</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.forward" title="turtle.forward"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">forward()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.fd" title="turtle.fd"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fd()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.backward" title="turtle.backward"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">backward()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.bk" title="turtle.bk"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bk()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.back" title="turtle.back"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">back()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.right" title="turtle.right"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">right()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.rt" title="turtle.rt"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rt()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.left" title="turtle.left"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">left()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.lt" title="turtle.lt"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lt()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.goto" title="turtle.goto"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">goto()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setpos" title="turtle.setpos"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setpos()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setposition" title="turtle.setposition"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setposition()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.teleport" title="turtle.teleport"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">teleport()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setx" title="turtle.setx"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setx()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.sety" title="turtle.sety"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sety()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setheading" title="turtle.setheading"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setheading()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.seth" title="turtle.seth"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">seth()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.home" title="turtle.home"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">home()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.circle" title="turtle.circle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">circle()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.dot" title="turtle.dot"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dot()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.stamp" title="turtle.stamp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stamp()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.clearstamp" title="turtle.clearstamp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clearstamp()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.clearstamps" title="turtle.clearstamps"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clearstamps()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.undo" title="turtle.undo"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">undo()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.speed" title="turtle.speed"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">speed()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>Tell Turtle’s state</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.position" title="turtle.position"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">position()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pos" title="turtle.pos"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pos()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.towards" title="turtle.towards"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">towards()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.xcor" title="turtle.xcor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xcor()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.ycor" title="turtle.ycor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ycor()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.heading" title="turtle.heading"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">heading()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.distance" title="turtle.distance"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distance()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>Setting and measurement</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.degrees" title="turtle.degrees"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">degrees()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.radians" title="turtle.radians"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">radians()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>Pen control</dt><dd><dl>
|
||
<dt>Drawing state</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pendown" title="turtle.pendown"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pendown()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pd" title="turtle.pd"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pd()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.down" title="turtle.down"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">down()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.penup" title="turtle.penup"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">penup()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pu" title="turtle.pu"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pu()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.up" title="turtle.up"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">up()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pensize" title="turtle.pensize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pensize()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.width" title="turtle.width"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">width()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pen" title="turtle.pen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pen()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.isdown" title="turtle.isdown"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isdown()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>Color control</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.color" title="turtle.color"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">color()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pencolor" title="turtle.pencolor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pencolor()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.fillcolor" title="turtle.fillcolor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fillcolor()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>Filling</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.filling" title="turtle.filling"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filling()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.begin_fill" title="turtle.begin_fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">begin_fill()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.end_fill" title="turtle.end_fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">end_fill()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>More drawing control</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.reset" title="turtle.reset"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reset()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.clear" title="turtle.clear"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clear()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.write" title="turtle.write"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">write()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>Turtle state</dt><dd><dl>
|
||
<dt>Visibility</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.showturtle" title="turtle.showturtle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">showturtle()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.st" title="turtle.st"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">st()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.hideturtle" title="turtle.hideturtle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hideturtle()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.ht" title="turtle.ht"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ht()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.isvisible" title="turtle.isvisible"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isvisible()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>Appearance</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shape" title="turtle.shape"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shape()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.resizemode" title="turtle.resizemode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resizemode()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shapesize" title="turtle.shapesize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shapesize()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.turtlesize" title="turtle.turtlesize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtlesize()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shearfactor" title="turtle.shearfactor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shearfactor()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.tiltangle" title="turtle.tiltangle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tiltangle()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.tilt" title="turtle.tilt"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tilt()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shapetransform" title="turtle.shapetransform"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shapetransform()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.get_shapepoly" title="turtle.get_shapepoly"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_shapepoly()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>Using events</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onclick" title="turtle.onclick"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onclick()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onrelease" title="turtle.onrelease"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onrelease()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.ondrag" title="turtle.ondrag"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ondrag()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>Special Turtle methods</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.begin_poly" title="turtle.begin_poly"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">begin_poly()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.end_poly" title="turtle.end_poly"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">end_poly()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.get_poly" title="turtle.get_poly"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_poly()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.clone" title="turtle.clone"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clone()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.getturtle" title="turtle.getturtle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getturtle()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.getpen" title="turtle.getpen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getpen()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.getscreen" title="turtle.getscreen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getscreen()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setundobuffer" title="turtle.setundobuffer"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setundobuffer()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.undobufferentries" title="turtle.undobufferentries"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">undobufferentries()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="methods-of-turtlescreen-screen">
|
||
<h3>Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen<a class="headerlink" href="#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<dl>
|
||
<dt>Window control</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.bgcolor" title="turtle.bgcolor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bgcolor()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.bgpic" title="turtle.bgpic"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bgpic()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.clearscreen" title="turtle.clearscreen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clearscreen()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.resetscreen" title="turtle.resetscreen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resetscreen()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.screensize" title="turtle.screensize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">screensize()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setworldcoordinates" title="turtle.setworldcoordinates"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setworldcoordinates()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>Animation control</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.delay" title="turtle.delay"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">delay()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.tracer" title="turtle.tracer"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracer()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.update" title="turtle.update"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>Using screen events</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.listen" title="turtle.listen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">listen()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onkey" title="turtle.onkey"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onkey()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onkeyrelease" title="turtle.onkeyrelease"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onkeyrelease()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onkeypress" title="turtle.onkeypress"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onkeypress()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onclick" title="turtle.onclick"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onclick()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onscreenclick" title="turtle.onscreenclick"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onscreenclick()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.ontimer" title="turtle.ontimer"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ontimer()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mainloop" title="turtle.mainloop"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mainloop()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.done" title="turtle.done"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">done()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>Settings and special methods</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mode" title="turtle.mode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mode()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.colormode" title="turtle.colormode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">colormode()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.getcanvas" title="turtle.getcanvas"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getcanvas()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.getshapes" title="turtle.getshapes"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getshapes()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.register_shape" title="turtle.register_shape"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">register_shape()</span></code></a> | <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.addshape" title="turtle.addshape"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">addshape()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.turtles" title="turtle.turtles"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtles()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.window_height" title="turtle.window_height"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">window_height()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.window_width" title="turtle.window_width"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">window_width()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>Input methods</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.textinput" title="turtle.textinput"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">textinput()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.numinput" title="turtle.numinput"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numinput()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt>Methods specific to Screen</dt><dd><div class="line-block">
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.bye" title="turtle.bye"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bye()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.exitonclick" title="turtle.exitonclick"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exitonclick()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setup" title="turtle.setup"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setup()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
<div class="line"><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.title" title="turtle.title"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">title()</span></code></a></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="methods-of-rawturtle-turtle-and-corresponding-functions">
|
||
<h2>Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions<a class="headerlink" href="#methods-of-rawturtle-turtle-and-corresponding-functions" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Most of the examples in this section refer to a Turtle instance called
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<section id="turtle-motion">
|
||
<h3>Turtle motion<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle-motion" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.forward">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">forward</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">distance</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.forward" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.fd">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">fd</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">distance</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.fd" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>distance</strong> – a number (integer or float)</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Move the turtle forward by the specified <em>distance</em>, in the direction the
|
||
turtle is headed.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(0.00,0.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(25.00,0.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">75</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(-50.00,0.00)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.back">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">back</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">distance</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.back" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.bk">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">bk</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">distance</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.bk" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.backward">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">backward</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">distance</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.backward" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>distance</strong> – a number</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Move the turtle backward by <em>distance</em>, opposite to the direction the
|
||
turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle’s heading.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(0.00,0.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">backward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(-30.00,0.00)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.right">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">right</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">angle</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.right" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.rt">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">rt</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">angle</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.rt" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>angle</strong> – a number (integer or float)</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Turn turtle right by <em>angle</em> units. (Units are by default degrees, but
|
||
can be set via the <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.degrees" title="turtle.degrees"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">degrees()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.radians" title="turtle.radians"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">radians()</span></code></a> functions.) Angle
|
||
orientation depends on the turtle mode, see <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mode" title="turtle.mode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mode()</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">22.0</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">right</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">45</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">337.0</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.left">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">left</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">angle</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.left" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.lt">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">lt</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">angle</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.lt" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>angle</strong> – a number (integer or float)</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Turn turtle left by <em>angle</em> units. (Units are by default degrees, but
|
||
can be set via the <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.degrees" title="turtle.degrees"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">degrees()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.radians" title="turtle.radians"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">radians()</span></code></a> functions.) Angle
|
||
orientation depends on the turtle mode, see <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mode" title="turtle.mode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mode()</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">22.0</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">45</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">67.0</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.goto">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">goto</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.goto" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.setpos">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">setpos</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.setpos" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.setposition">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">setposition</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.setposition" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>x</strong> – a number or a pair/vector of numbers</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>y</strong> – a number or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>If <em>y</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, <em>x</em> must be a pair of coordinates or a <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Vec2D" title="turtle.Vec2D"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Vec2D</span></code></a>
|
||
(e.g. as returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pos" title="turtle.pos"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pos()</span></code></a>).</p>
|
||
<p>Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down, draw line. Do
|
||
not change the turtle’s orientation.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">tp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">tp</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(0.00,0.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setpos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(60.00,30.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setpos</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(20.00,80.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setpos</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tp</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(0.00,0.00)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.teleport">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">teleport</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fill_gap</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.teleport" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>x</strong> – a number or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>y</strong> – a number or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>fill_gap</strong> – a boolean</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Move turtle to an absolute position. Unlike goto(x, y), a line will not
|
||
be drawn. The turtle’s orientation does not change. If currently
|
||
filling, the polygon(s) teleported from will be filled after leaving,
|
||
and filling will begin again after teleporting. This can be disabled
|
||
with fill_gap=True, which makes the imaginary line traveled during
|
||
teleporting act as a fill barrier like in goto(x, y).</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">tp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">tp</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(0.00,0.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">teleport</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(60.00,0.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">teleport</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(60.00,10.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">teleport</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(20.00,30.00)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.12.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.setx">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">setx</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.setx" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>x</strong> – a number (integer or float)</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Set the turtle’s first coordinate to <em>x</em>, leave second coordinate
|
||
unchanged.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(0.00,240.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setx</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(10.00,240.00)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.sety">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">sety</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.sety" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>y</strong> – a number (integer or float)</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Set the turtle’s second coordinate to <em>y</em>, leave first coordinate unchanged.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(0.00,40.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sety</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(0.00,-10.00)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.setheading">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">setheading</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">to_angle</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.setheading" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.seth">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">seth</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">to_angle</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.seth" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>to_angle</strong> – a number (integer or float)</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Set the orientation of the turtle to <em>to_angle</em>. Here are some common
|
||
directions in degrees:</p>
|
||
<table class="docutils align-default">
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>standard mode</p></th>
|
||
<th class="head"><p>logo mode</p></th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>0 - east</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>0 - north</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>90 - north</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>90 - east</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>180 - west</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>180 - south</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>270 - south</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>270 - west</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setheading</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">90</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">90.0</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.home">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">home</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.home" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Move turtle to the origin – coordinates (0,0) – and set its heading to
|
||
its start-orientation (which depends on the mode, see <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mode" title="turtle.mode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mode()</span></code></a>).</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">90.0</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(0.00,-10.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(0.00,0.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">0.0</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.circle">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">circle</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">radius</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">extent</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">steps</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.circle" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>radius</strong> – a number</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>extent</strong> – a number (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>steps</strong> – an integer (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>)</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Draw a circle with given <em>radius</em>. The center is <em>radius</em> units left of
|
||
the turtle; <em>extent</em> – an angle – determines which part of the circle
|
||
is drawn. If <em>extent</em> is not given, draw the entire circle. If <em>extent</em>
|
||
is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the current pen
|
||
position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction if <em>radius</em> is
|
||
positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally the direction of the
|
||
turtle is changed by the amount of <em>extent</em>.</p>
|
||
<p>As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon, <em>steps</em>
|
||
determines the number of steps to use. If not given, it will be
|
||
calculated automatically. May be used to draw regular polygons.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(0.00,0.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">0.0</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">circle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(-0.00,0.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">0.0</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">circle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">120</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">180</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># draw a semicircle</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(0.00,240.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">180.0</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.dot">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dot</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">size</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">color</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.dot" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>size</strong> – an integer >= 1 (if given)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>color</strong> – a colorstring or a numeric color tuple</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Draw a circular dot with diameter <em>size</em>, using <em>color</em>. If <em>size</em> is
|
||
not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dot</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"blue"</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(100.00,-0.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">0.0</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.stamp">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">stamp</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.stamp" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current turtle
|
||
position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be used to delete
|
||
it by calling <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clearstamp(stamp_id)</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"blue"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">stamp_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stamp</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.clearstamp">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">clearstamp</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stampid</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.clearstamp" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>stampid</strong> – an integer, must be return value of previous
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.stamp" title="turtle.stamp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stamp()</span></code></a> call</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Delete stamp with given <em>stampid</em>.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(150.00,-0.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"blue"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">astamp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stamp</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(200.00,-0.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clearstamp</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">astamp</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(200.00,-0.00)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.clearstamps">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">clearstamps</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.clearstamps" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>n</strong> – an integer (or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>)</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Delete all or first/last <em>n</em> of turtle’s stamps. If <em>n</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, delete
|
||
all stamps, if <em>n</em> > 0 delete first <em>n</em> stamps, else if <em>n</em> < 0 delete
|
||
last <em>n</em> stamps.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">unused_stamp_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">stamp</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clearstamps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clearstamps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clearstamps</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.undo">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">undo</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.undo" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Undo (repeatedly) the last turtle action(s). Number of available
|
||
undo actions is determined by the size of the undobuffer.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">...</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">undo</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.speed">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">speed</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">speed</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.speed" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>speed</strong> – an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below)</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Set the turtle’s speed to an integer value in the range 0..10. If no
|
||
argument is given, return current speed.</p>
|
||
<p>If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5, speed is set
|
||
to 0. Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues as follows:</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p>“fastest”: 0</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>“fast”: 10</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>“normal”: 6</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>“slow”: 3</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>“slowest”: 1</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>Speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of line drawing
|
||
and turtle turning.</p>
|
||
<p>Attention: <em>speed</em> = 0 means that <em>no</em> animation takes
|
||
place. forward/back makes turtle jump and likewise left/right make the
|
||
turtle turn instantly.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">speed</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">3</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">speed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'normal'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">speed</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">6</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">speed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">9</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">speed</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">9</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="tell-turtle-s-state">
|
||
<h3>Tell Turtle’s state<a class="headerlink" href="#tell-turtle-s-state" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.position">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">position</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.position" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.pos">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">pos</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.pos" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the turtle’s current location (x,y) (as a <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Vec2D" title="turtle.Vec2D"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Vec2D</span></code></a> vector).</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(440.00,-0.00)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.towards">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">towards</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.towards" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>x</strong> – a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>y</strong> – a number if <em>x</em> is a number, else <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Return the angle between the line from turtle position to position specified
|
||
by (x,y), the vector or the other turtle. This depends on the turtle’s start
|
||
orientation which depends on the mode - “standard”/”world” or “logo”.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">goto</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">towards</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">225.0</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.xcor">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">xcor</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.xcor" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the turtle’s x coordinate.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(64.28,76.60)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">round</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">xcor</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
<span class="go">64.27876</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.ycor">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ycor</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.ycor" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the turtle’s y coordinate.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pos</span><span class="p">())</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(50.00,86.60)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">round</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ycor</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
<span class="go">86.60254</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.heading">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">heading</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.heading" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the turtle’s current heading (value depends on the turtle mode, see
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mode" title="turtle.mode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mode()</span></code></a>).</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">67</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">67.0</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.distance">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">distance</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.distance" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>x</strong> – a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>y</strong> – a number if <em>x</em> is a number, else <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y), the given vector, or the given
|
||
other turtle, in turtle step units.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">distance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">50.0</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">distance</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">40</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
<span class="go">50.0</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">joe</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Turtle</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">joe</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">forward</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">77</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">distance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">joe</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">77.0</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="settings-for-measurement">
|
||
<h3>Settings for measurement<a class="headerlink" href="#settings-for-measurement" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.degrees">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">degrees</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fullcircle</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">360.0</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.degrees" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>fullcircle</strong> – a number</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Set angle measurement units, i.e. set number of “degrees” for a full circle.
|
||
Default value is 360 degrees.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">90</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">90.0</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon,</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">degrees</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">400.0</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">100.0</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">degrees</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">360</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">90.0</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.radians">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">radians</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.radians" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Set the angle measurement units to radians. Equivalent to
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">degrees(2*math.pi)</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">90</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">90.0</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">radians</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">1.5707963267948966</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="id1">
|
||
<h3>Pen control<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<section id="drawing-state">
|
||
<h4>Drawing state<a class="headerlink" href="#drawing-state" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.pendown">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">pendown</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.pendown" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.pd">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">pd</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.pd" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.down">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">down</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.down" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Pull the pen down – drawing when moving.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.penup">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">penup</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.penup" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.pu">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">pu</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.pu" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.up">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">up</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.up" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Pull the pen up – no drawing when moving.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.pensize">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">pensize</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">width</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.pensize" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.width">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">width</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">width</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.width" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>width</strong> – a positive number</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Set the line thickness to <em>width</em> or return it. If resizemode is set to
|
||
“auto” and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with the same line
|
||
thickness. If no argument is given, the current pensize is returned.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pensize</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">1</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pensize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># from here on lines of width 10 are drawn</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.pen">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">pen</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pen</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">**</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">pendict</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.pen" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>pen</strong> – a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>pendict</strong> – one or more keyword-arguments with the below listed keys as keywords</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Return or set the pen’s attributes in a “pen-dictionary” with the following
|
||
key/value pairs:</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p>“shown”: True/False</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>“pendown”: True/False</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>“pencolor”: color-string or color-tuple</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>“fillcolor”: color-string or color-tuple</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>“pensize”: positive number</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>“speed”: number in range 0..10</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>“resizemode”: “auto” or “user” or “noresize”</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>“stretchfactor”: (positive number, positive number)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>“outline”: positive number</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>“tilt”: number</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent call to <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pen" title="turtle.pen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pen()</span></code></a>
|
||
to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one or more of these attributes
|
||
can be provided as keyword-arguments. This can be used to set several pen
|
||
attributes in one statement.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fillcolor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"black"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pencolor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"red"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pensize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pen</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">())</span>
|
||
<span class="go">[('fillcolor', 'black'), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'red'),</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> ('pendown', True), ('pensize', 10), ('resizemode', 'noresize'),</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> ('shearfactor', 0.0), ('shown', True), ('speed', 9),</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> ('stretchfactor', (1.0, 1.0)), ('tilt', 0.0)]</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">penstate</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pen</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"yellow"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">""</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">penup</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pen</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">())[:</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span>
|
||
<span class="go">[('fillcolor', ''), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'yellow')]</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">penstate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fillcolor</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"green"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="nb">sorted</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pen</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">())[:</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span>
|
||
<span class="go">[('fillcolor', 'green'), ('outline', 1), ('pencolor', 'red')]</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.isdown">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">isdown</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.isdown" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if pen is down, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if it’s up.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">penup</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isdown</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">False</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pendown</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isdown</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">True</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="color-control">
|
||
<h4>Color control<a class="headerlink" href="#color-control" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.pencolor">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">pencolor</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.pencolor" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return or set the pencolor.</p>
|
||
<p>Four input formats are allowed:</p>
|
||
<dl class="simple">
|
||
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pencolor()</span></code></dt><dd><p>Return the current pencolor as color specification string or
|
||
as a tuple (see example). May be used as input to another
|
||
color/pencolor/fillcolor call.</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pencolor(colorstring)</span></code></dt><dd><p>Set pencolor to <em>colorstring</em>, which is a Tk color specification string,
|
||
such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"red"</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"yellow"</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"#33cc8c"</span></code>.</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pencolor((r,</span> <span class="pre">g,</span> <span class="pre">b))</span></code></dt><dd><p>Set pencolor to the RGB color represented by the tuple of <em>r</em>, <em>g</em>, and
|
||
<em>b</em>. Each of <em>r</em>, <em>g</em>, and <em>b</em> must be in the range 0..colormode, where
|
||
colormode is either 1.0 or 255 (see <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.colormode" title="turtle.colormode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">colormode()</span></code></a>).</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pencolor(r,</span> <span class="pre">g,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></dt><dd><p>Set pencolor to the RGB color represented by <em>r</em>, <em>g</em>, and <em>b</em>. Each of
|
||
<em>r</em>, <em>g</em>, and <em>b</em> must be in the range 0..colormode.</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn with the
|
||
newly set pencolor.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">colormode</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">1.0</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pencolor</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">'red'</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pencolor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"brown"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pencolor</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">'brown'</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">tup</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.8</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">0.55</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pencolor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tup</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pencolor</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(0.2, 0.8, 0.5490196078431373)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">colormode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pencolor</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(51.0, 204.0, 140.0)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pencolor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'#32c18f'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pencolor</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(50.0, 193.0, 143.0)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.fillcolor">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">fillcolor</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.fillcolor" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return or set the fillcolor.</p>
|
||
<p>Four input formats are allowed:</p>
|
||
<dl class="simple">
|
||
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fillcolor()</span></code></dt><dd><p>Return the current fillcolor as color specification string, possibly
|
||
in tuple format (see example). May be used as input to another
|
||
color/pencolor/fillcolor call.</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fillcolor(colorstring)</span></code></dt><dd><p>Set fillcolor to <em>colorstring</em>, which is a Tk color specification string,
|
||
such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"red"</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"yellow"</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"#33cc8c"</span></code>.</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fillcolor((r,</span> <span class="pre">g,</span> <span class="pre">b))</span></code></dt><dd><p>Set fillcolor to the RGB color represented by the tuple of <em>r</em>, <em>g</em>, and
|
||
<em>b</em>. Each of <em>r</em>, <em>g</em>, and <em>b</em> must be in the range 0..colormode, where
|
||
colormode is either 1.0 or 255 (see <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.colormode" title="turtle.colormode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">colormode()</span></code></a>).</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fillcolor(r,</span> <span class="pre">g,</span> <span class="pre">b)</span></code></dt><dd><p>Set fillcolor to the RGB color represented by <em>r</em>, <em>g</em>, and <em>b</em>. Each of
|
||
<em>r</em>, <em>g</em>, and <em>b</em> must be in the range 0..colormode.</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn
|
||
with the newly set fillcolor.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fillcolor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"violet"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fillcolor</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">'violet'</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pencolor</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(50.0, 193.0, 143.0)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fillcolor</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">193</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">143</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="c1"># Integers, not floats</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fillcolor</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(50.0, 193.0, 143.0)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fillcolor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'#ffffff'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fillcolor</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(255.0, 255.0, 255.0)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.color">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">color</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.color" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return or set pencolor and fillcolor.</p>
|
||
<p>Several input formats are allowed. They use 0 to 3 arguments as
|
||
follows:</p>
|
||
<dl class="simple">
|
||
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">color()</span></code></dt><dd><p>Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor as a pair of color
|
||
specification strings or tuples as returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pencolor" title="turtle.pencolor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pencolor()</span></code></a> and
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.fillcolor" title="turtle.fillcolor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fillcolor()</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">color(colorstring)</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">color((r,g,b))</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">color(r,g,b)</span></code></dt><dd><p>Inputs as in <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.pencolor" title="turtle.pencolor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pencolor()</span></code></a>, set both, fillcolor and pencolor, to the
|
||
given value.</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
<dt><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">color(colorstring1,</span> <span class="pre">colorstring2)</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">color((r1,g1,b1),</span> <span class="pre">(r2,g2,b2))</span></code></dt><dd><p>Equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pencolor(colorstring1)</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fillcolor(colorstring2)</span></code>
|
||
and analogously if the other input format is used.</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon is drawn
|
||
with the newly set colors.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"red"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"green"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">color</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">('red', 'green')</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"#285078"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"#a0c8f0"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">color</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">((40.0, 80.0, 120.0), (160.0, 200.0, 240.0))</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<p>See also: Screen method <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.colormode" title="turtle.colormode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">colormode()</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="filling">
|
||
<h4>Filling<a class="headerlink" href="#filling" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.filling">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">filling</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.filling" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return fillstate (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if filling, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> else).</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">begin_fill</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filling</span><span class="p">():</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pensize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pensize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.begin_fill">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">begin_fill</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.begin_fill" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>To be called just before drawing a shape to be filled.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.end_fill">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">end_fill</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.end_fill" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Fill the shape drawn after the last call to <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.begin_fill" title="turtle.begin_fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">begin_fill()</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Whether or not overlap regions for self-intersecting polygons
|
||
or multiple shapes are filled depends on the operating system graphics,
|
||
type of overlap, and number of overlaps. For example, the Turtle star
|
||
above may be either all yellow or have some white regions.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"black"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"red"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">begin_fill</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">circle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">end_fill</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="more-drawing-control">
|
||
<h4>More drawing control<a class="headerlink" href="#more-drawing-control" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.reset">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">reset</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.reset" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Delete the turtle’s drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle and set
|
||
variables to the default values.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">goto</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">22</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(0.00,-22.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">100.0</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reset</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">position</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(0.00,0.00)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">heading</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">0.0</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.clear">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">clear</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.clear" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Delete the turtle’s drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle. State and
|
||
position of the turtle as well as drawings of other turtles are not affected.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.write">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">write</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">arg</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">move</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">align</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">'left'</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">font</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">('Arial',</span> <span class="pre">8,</span> <span class="pre">'normal')</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.write" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>arg</strong> – object to be written to the TurtleScreen</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>move</strong> – True/False</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>align</strong> – one of the strings “left”, “center” or right”</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>font</strong> – a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype)</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Write text - the string representation of <em>arg</em> - at the current turtle
|
||
position according to <em>align</em> (“left”, “center” or “right”) and with the given
|
||
font. If <em>move</em> is true, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner of the
|
||
text. By default, <em>move</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Home = "</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">align</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"center"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="turtle-state">
|
||
<h3>Turtle state<a class="headerlink" href="#turtle-state" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<section id="visibility">
|
||
<h4>Visibility<a class="headerlink" href="#visibility" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.hideturtle">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">hideturtle</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.hideturtle" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.ht">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ht</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.ht" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Make the turtle invisible. It’s a good idea to do this while you’re in the
|
||
middle of doing some complex drawing, because hiding the turtle speeds up the
|
||
drawing observably.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hideturtle</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.showturtle">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">showturtle</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.showturtle" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.st">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">st</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.st" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Make the turtle visible.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">showturtle</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.isvisible">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">isvisible</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.isvisible" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the Turtle is shown, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if it’s hidden.</p>
|
||
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">hideturtle</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isvisible</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">False</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">showturtle</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isvisible</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">True</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="appearance">
|
||
<h4>Appearance<a class="headerlink" href="#appearance" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h4>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.shape">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">shape</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.shape" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>name</strong> – a string which is a valid shapename</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Set turtle shape to shape with given <em>name</em> or, if name is not given, return
|
||
name of current shape. Shape with <em>name</em> must exist in the TurtleScreen’s
|
||
shape dictionary. Initially there are the following polygon shapes: “arrow”,
|
||
“turtle”, “circle”, “square”, “triangle”, “classic”. To learn about how to
|
||
deal with shapes see Screen method <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.register_shape" title="turtle.register_shape"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">register_shape()</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">'classic'</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"turtle"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">'turtle'</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.resizemode">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">resizemode</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">rmode</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.resizemode" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>rmode</strong> – one of the strings “auto”, “user”, “noresize”</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Set resizemode to one of the values: “auto”, “user”, “noresize”. If <em>rmode</em>
|
||
is not given, return current resizemode. Different resizemodes have the
|
||
following effects:</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p>“auto”: adapts the appearance of the turtle corresponding to the value of pensize.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>“user”: adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the values of
|
||
stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline), which are set by
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shapesize" title="turtle.shapesize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shapesize()</span></code></a>.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>“noresize”: no adaption of the turtle’s appearance takes place.</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resizemode("user")</span></code> is called by <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shapesize" title="turtle.shapesize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shapesize()</span></code></a> when used with arguments.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">resizemode</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">'noresize'</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">resizemode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"auto"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">resizemode</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">'auto'</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.shapesize">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">shapesize</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stretch_wid</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stretch_len</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">outline</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.shapesize" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.turtlesize">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">turtlesize</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stretch_wid</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stretch_len</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">outline</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.turtlesize" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>stretch_wid</strong> – positive number</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>stretch_len</strong> – positive number</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>outline</strong> – positive number</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Return or set the pen’s attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline. Set
|
||
resizemode to “user”. If and only if resizemode is set to “user”, the turtle
|
||
will be displayed stretched according to its stretchfactors: <em>stretch_wid</em> is
|
||
stretchfactor perpendicular to its orientation, <em>stretch_len</em> is
|
||
stretchfactor in direction of its orientation, <em>outline</em> determines the width
|
||
of the shape’s outline.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shapesize</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(1.0, 1.0, 1)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">resizemode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"user"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shapesize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shapesize</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(5, 5, 12)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shapesize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">outline</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shapesize</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(5, 5, 8)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.shearfactor">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">shearfactor</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">shear</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.shearfactor" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>shear</strong> – number (optional)</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Set or return the current shearfactor. Shear the turtleshape according to
|
||
the given shearfactor shear, which is the tangent of the shear angle.
|
||
Do <em>not</em> change the turtle’s heading (direction of movement).
|
||
If shear is not given: return the current shearfactor, i. e. the
|
||
tangent of the shear angle, by which lines parallel to the
|
||
heading of the turtle are sheared.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"circle"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shapesize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shearfactor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">0.5</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shearfactor</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">0.5</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.tilt">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">tilt</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">angle</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.tilt" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>angle</strong> – a number</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Rotate the turtleshape by <em>angle</em> from its current tilt-angle, but do <em>not</em>
|
||
change the turtle’s heading (direction of movement).</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reset</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"circle"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shapesize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tilt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tilt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.tiltangle">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">tiltangle</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">angle</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.tiltangle" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>angle</strong> – a number (optional)</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Set or return the current tilt-angle. If angle is given, rotate the
|
||
turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle,
|
||
regardless of its current tilt-angle. Do <em>not</em> change the turtle’s
|
||
heading (direction of movement).
|
||
If angle is not given: return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle
|
||
between the orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the
|
||
turtle (its direction of movement).</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reset</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"circle"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shapesize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tilt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">45</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tiltangle</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">45.0</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.shapetransform">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">shapetransform</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">t11</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">t12</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">t21</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">t22</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.shapetransform" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>t11</strong> – a number (optional)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>t12</strong> – a number (optional)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>t21</strong> – a number (optional)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>t12</strong> – a number (optional)</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Set or return the current transformation matrix of the turtle shape.</p>
|
||
<p>If none of the matrix elements are given, return the transformation
|
||
matrix as a tuple of 4 elements.
|
||
Otherwise set the given elements and transform the turtleshape
|
||
according to the matrix consisting of first row t11, t12 and
|
||
second row t21, t22. The determinant t11 * t22 - t12 * t21 must not be
|
||
zero, otherwise an error is raised.
|
||
Modify stretchfactor, shearfactor and tiltangle according to the
|
||
given matrix.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Turtle</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"square"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shapesize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shearfactor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">0.5</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shapetransform</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(4.0, -1.0, -0.0, 2.0)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.get_shapepoly">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_shapepoly</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.get_shapepoly" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the current shape polygon as tuple of coordinate pairs. This
|
||
can be used to define a new shape or components of a compound shape.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"square"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shapetransform</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_shapepoly</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">((50, -20), (30, 20), (-50, 20), (-30, -20))</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="using-events">
|
||
<h3>Using events<a class="headerlink" href="#using-events" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">onclick</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fun</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">btn</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">add</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>fun</strong> – a function with two arguments which will be called with the
|
||
coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>btn</strong> – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>add</strong> – <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> – if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, a new binding will be
|
||
added, otherwise it will replace a former binding</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Bind <em>fun</em> to mouse-click events on this turtle. If <em>fun</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>,
|
||
existing bindings are removed. Example for the anonymous turtle, i.e. the
|
||
procedural way:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">turn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">180</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">...</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">onclick</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">turn</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># Now clicking into the turtle will turn it.</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">onclick</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># event-binding will be removed</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.onrelease">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">onrelease</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fun</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">btn</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">add</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.onrelease" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>fun</strong> – a function with two arguments which will be called with the
|
||
coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>btn</strong> – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>add</strong> – <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> – if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, a new binding will be
|
||
added, otherwise it will replace a former binding</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Bind <em>fun</em> to mouse-button-release events on this turtle. If <em>fun</em> is
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, existing bindings are removed.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">MyTurtle</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Turtle</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">glow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fillcolor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"red"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">unglow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fillcolor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">""</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">...</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">MyTurtle</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">onclick</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glow</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># clicking on turtle turns fillcolor red,</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">onrelease</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">unglow</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># releasing turns it to transparent.</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.ondrag">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ondrag</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fun</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">btn</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">add</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.ondrag" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>fun</strong> – a function with two arguments which will be called with the
|
||
coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>btn</strong> – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>add</strong> – <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> – if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, a new binding will be
|
||
added, otherwise it will replace a former binding</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Bind <em>fun</em> to mouse-move events on this turtle. If <em>fun</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>,
|
||
existing bindings are removed.</p>
|
||
<p>Remark: Every sequence of mouse-move-events on a turtle is preceded by a
|
||
mouse-click event on that turtle.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ondrag</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">goto</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Subsequently, clicking and dragging the Turtle will move it across
|
||
the screen thereby producing handdrawings (if pen is down).</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="special-turtle-methods">
|
||
<h3>Special Turtle methods<a class="headerlink" href="#special-turtle-methods" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.begin_poly">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">begin_poly</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.begin_poly" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is first
|
||
vertex of polygon.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.end_poly">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">end_poly</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.end_poly" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is last
|
||
vertex of polygon. This will be connected with the first vertex.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.get_poly">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_poly</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.get_poly" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the last recorded polygon.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">home</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">begin_poly</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">30</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">end_poly</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_poly</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">register_shape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"myFavouriteShape"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.clone">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">clone</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.clone" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Create and return a clone of the turtle with same position, heading and
|
||
turtle properties.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mick</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Turtle</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">joe</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">mick</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clone</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.getturtle">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getturtle</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.getturtle" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.getpen">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getpen</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.getpen" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the Turtle object itself. Only reasonable use: as a function to
|
||
return the “anonymous turtle”:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pet</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getturtle</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pet</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">pet</span>
|
||
<span class="go"><turtle.Turtle object at 0x...></span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.getscreen">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getscreen</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.getscreen" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.TurtleScreen" title="turtle.TurtleScreen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TurtleScreen</span></code></a> object the turtle is drawing on.
|
||
TurtleScreen methods can then be called for that object.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">ts</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getscreen</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">ts</span>
|
||
<span class="go"><turtle._Screen object at 0x...></span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">ts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bgcolor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"pink"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.setundobuffer">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">setundobuffer</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">size</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.setundobuffer" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>size</strong> – an integer or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Set or disable undobuffer. If <em>size</em> is an integer, an empty undobuffer of
|
||
given size is installed. <em>size</em> gives the maximum number of turtle actions
|
||
that can be undone by the <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.undo" title="turtle.undo"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">undo()</span></code></a> method/function. If <em>size</em> is
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, the undobuffer is disabled.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setundobuffer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.undobufferentries">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">undobufferentries</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.undobufferentries" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return number of entries in the undobuffer.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">undobufferentries</span><span class="p">():</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">undo</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="compound-shapes">
|
||
<span id="compoundshapes"></span><h3>Compound shapes<a class="headerlink" href="#compound-shapes" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>To use compound turtle shapes, which consist of several polygons of different
|
||
color, you must use the helper class <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Shape" title="turtle.Shape"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Shape</span></code></a> explicitly as described
|
||
below:</p>
|
||
<ol class="arabic">
|
||
<li><p>Create an empty Shape object of type “compound”.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Add as many components to this object as desired, using the
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Shape.addcomponent" title="turtle.Shape.addcomponent"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">addcomponent()</span></code></a> method.</p>
|
||
<p>For example:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Shape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"compound"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">poly1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">),(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">),(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addcomponent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">poly1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"red"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"blue"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">poly2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">),(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addcomponent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">poly2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"blue"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"red"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>Now add the Shape to the Screen’s shapelist and use it:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">register_shape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"myshape"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"myshape"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Shape" title="turtle.Shape"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Shape</span></code></a> class is used internally by the <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.register_shape" title="turtle.register_shape"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">register_shape()</span></code></a>
|
||
method in different ways. The application programmer has to deal with the
|
||
Shape class <em>only</em> when using compound shapes like shown above!</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="methods-of-turtlescreen-screen-and-corresponding-functions">
|
||
<h2>Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions<a class="headerlink" href="#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen-and-corresponding-functions" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Most of the examples in this section refer to a TurtleScreen instance called
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">screen</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<section id="window-control">
|
||
<h3>Window control<a class="headerlink" href="#window-control" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.bgcolor">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">bgcolor</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">args</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.bgcolor" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>args</strong> – a color string or three numbers in the range 0..colormode or a
|
||
3-tuple of such numbers</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Set or return background color of the TurtleScreen.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bgcolor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"orange"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bgcolor</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">'orange'</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bgcolor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"#800080"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bgcolor</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(128.0, 0.0, 128.0)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.bgpic">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">bgpic</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">picname</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.bgpic" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>picname</strong> – a string, name of a gif-file or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"nopic"</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Set background image or return name of current backgroundimage. If <em>picname</em>
|
||
is a filename, set the corresponding image as background. If <em>picname</em> is
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"nopic"</span></code>, delete background image, if present. If <em>picname</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>,
|
||
return the filename of the current backgroundimage.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bgpic</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">'nopic'</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bgpic</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"landscape.gif"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bgpic</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">"landscape.gif"</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">clear</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>
|
||
<dd><div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||
<p>This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the
|
||
name <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clearscreen</span></code>. The global function <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clear</span></code> is a different one
|
||
derived from the Turtle method <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clear</span></code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.clearscreen">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">clearscreen</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.clearscreen" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Delete all drawings and all turtles from the TurtleScreen. Reset the now
|
||
empty TurtleScreen to its initial state: white background, no background
|
||
image, no event bindings and tracing on.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">reset</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span></dt>
|
||
<dd><div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||
<p>This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the
|
||
name <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resetscreen</span></code>. The global function <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reset</span></code> is another one
|
||
derived from the Turtle method <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reset</span></code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.resetscreen">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">resetscreen</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.resetscreen" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Reset all Turtles on the Screen to their initial state.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.screensize">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">screensize</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">canvwidth</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">canvheight</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">bg</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.screensize" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>canvwidth</strong> – positive integer, new width of canvas in pixels</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>canvheight</strong> – positive integer, new height of canvas in pixels</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>bg</strong> – colorstring or color-tuple, new background color</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>If no arguments are given, return current (canvaswidth, canvasheight). Else
|
||
resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Do not alter the drawing
|
||
window. To observe hidden parts of the canvas, use the scrollbars. With this
|
||
method, one can make visible those parts of a drawing which were outside the
|
||
canvas before.</p>
|
||
<div class="doctest highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">screensize</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(400, 300)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">screensize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2000</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">1500</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">screensize</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">(2000, 1500)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>e.g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-)</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.setworldcoordinates">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">setworldcoordinates</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">llx</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">lly</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">urx</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">ury</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.setworldcoordinates" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>llx</strong> – a number, x-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>lly</strong> – a number, y-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>urx</strong> – a number, x-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>ury</strong> – a number, y-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Set up user-defined coordinate system and switch to mode “world” if
|
||
necessary. This performs a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">screen.reset()</span></code>. If mode “world” is already
|
||
active, all drawings are redrawn according to the new coordinates.</p>
|
||
<p><strong>ATTENTION</strong>: in user-defined coordinate systems angles may appear
|
||
distorted.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reset</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setworldcoordinates</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mf">7.5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mf">7.5</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">72</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">...</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">left</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">45</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># a regular octagon</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="animation-control">
|
||
<h3>Animation control<a class="headerlink" href="#animation-control" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.delay">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">delay</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">delay</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.delay" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>delay</strong> – positive integer</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Set or return the drawing <em>delay</em> in milliseconds. (This is approximately
|
||
the time interval between two consecutive canvas updates.) The longer the
|
||
drawing delay, the slower the animation.</p>
|
||
<p>Optional argument:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delay</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">10</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">delay</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">5</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.tracer">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">tracer</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">n</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">delay</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.tracer" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>n</strong> – nonnegative integer</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>delay</strong> – nonnegative integer</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Turn turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings. If
|
||
<em>n</em> is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really
|
||
performed. (Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex
|
||
graphics.) When called without arguments, returns the currently
|
||
stored value of n. Second argument sets delay value (see
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.delay" title="turtle.delay"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">delay()</span></code></a>).</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tracer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">dist</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dist</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">rt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">90</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">dist</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">2</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.update">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">update</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.update" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Perform a TurtleScreen update. To be used when tracer is turned off.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<p>See also the RawTurtle/Turtle method <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.speed" title="turtle.speed"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">speed()</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="using-screen-events">
|
||
<h3>Using screen events<a class="headerlink" href="#using-screen-events" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.listen">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">listen</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">xdummy</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">ydummy</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.listen" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Set focus on TurtleScreen (in order to collect key-events). Dummy arguments
|
||
are provided in order to be able to pass <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.listen" title="turtle.listen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">listen()</span></code></a> to the onclick method.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.onkey">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">onkey</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fun</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">key</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.onkey" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.onkeyrelease">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">onkeyrelease</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fun</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">key</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.onkeyrelease" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>fun</strong> – a function with no arguments or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>key</strong> – a string: key (e.g. “a”) or key-symbol (e.g. “space”)</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Bind <em>fun</em> to key-release event of key. If <em>fun</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, event bindings
|
||
are removed. Remark: in order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen
|
||
must have the focus. (See method <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.listen" title="turtle.listen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">listen()</span></code></a>.)</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">():</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">lt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">...</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">onkey</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"Up"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listen</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.onkeypress">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">onkeypress</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fun</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">key</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.onkeypress" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>fun</strong> – a function with no arguments or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>key</strong> – a string: key (e.g. “a”) or key-symbol (e.g. “space”)</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Bind <em>fun</em> to key-press event of key if key is given,
|
||
or to any key-press-event if no key is given.
|
||
Remark: in order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen
|
||
must have focus. (See method <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.listen" title="turtle.listen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">listen()</span></code></a>.)</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">():</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">...</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">onkey</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"Up"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listen</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.onclick">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">onclick</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fun</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">btn</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">add</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.onclick" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.onscreenclick">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">onscreenclick</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fun</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">btn</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">add</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.onscreenclick" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>fun</strong> – a function with two arguments which will be called with the
|
||
coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>btn</strong> – number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 (left mouse button)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>add</strong> – <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> – if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, a new binding will be
|
||
added, otherwise it will replace a former binding</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Bind <em>fun</em> to mouse-click events on this screen. If <em>fun</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>,
|
||
existing bindings are removed.</p>
|
||
<p>Example for a TurtleScreen instance named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">screen</span></code> and a Turtle instance
|
||
named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code>:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">onclick</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">goto</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span> <span class="c1"># make the turtle move to the clicked point.</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">onclick</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># remove event binding again</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||
<p>This TurtleScreen method is available as a global function only under the
|
||
name <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onscreenclick</span></code>. The global function <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onclick</span></code> is another one
|
||
derived from the Turtle method <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onclick</span></code>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.ontimer">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ontimer</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fun</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">t</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.ontimer" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>fun</strong> – a function with no arguments</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>t</strong> – a number >= 0</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Install a timer that calls <em>fun</em> after <em>t</em> milliseconds.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">running</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">f</span><span class="p">():</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">running</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">fd</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">lt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">60</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ontimer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">250</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1">### makes the turtle march around</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">running</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">False</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.mainloop">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">mainloop</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.mainloop" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.done">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">done</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.done" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Starts event loop - calling Tkinter’s mainloop function.
|
||
Must be the last statement in a turtle graphics program.
|
||
Must <em>not</em> be used if a script is run from within IDLE in -n mode
|
||
(No subprocess) - for interactive use of turtle graphics.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mainloop</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="input-methods">
|
||
<h3>Input methods<a class="headerlink" href="#input-methods" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.textinput">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">textinput</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">title</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prompt</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.textinput" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>title</strong> – string</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>prompt</strong> – string</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Pop up a dialog window for input of a string. Parameter title is
|
||
the title of the dialog window, prompt is a text mostly describing
|
||
what information to input.
|
||
Return the string input. If the dialog is canceled, return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">textinput</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"NIM"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"Name of first player:"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.numinput">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">numinput</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">title</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prompt</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">default</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">minval</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">maxval</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.numinput" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>title</strong> – string</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>prompt</strong> – string</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>default</strong> – number (optional)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>minval</strong> – number (optional)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>maxval</strong> – number (optional)</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Pop up a dialog window for input of a number. title is the title of the
|
||
dialog window, prompt is a text mostly describing what numerical information
|
||
to input. default: default value, minval: minimum value for input,
|
||
maxval: maximum value for input.
|
||
The number input must be in the range minval .. maxval if these are
|
||
given. If not, a hint is issued and the dialog remains open for
|
||
correction.
|
||
Return the number input. If the dialog is canceled, return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">numinput</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Poker"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"Your stakes:"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">minval</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">maxval</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10000</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="settings-and-special-methods">
|
||
<h3>Settings and special methods<a class="headerlink" href="#settings-and-special-methods" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.mode">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">mode</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">mode</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.mode" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>mode</strong> – one of the strings “standard”, “logo” or “world”</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Set turtle mode (“standard”, “logo” or “world”) and perform reset. If mode
|
||
is not given, current mode is returned.</p>
|
||
<p>Mode “standard” is compatible with old <a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtle" title="turtle: An educational framework for simple graphics applications"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code></a>. Mode “logo” is
|
||
compatible with most Logo turtle graphics. Mode “world” uses user-defined
|
||
“world coordinates”. <strong>Attention</strong>: in this mode angles appear distorted if
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x/y</span></code> unit-ratio doesn’t equal 1.</p>
|
||
<table class="docutils align-default">
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Mode</p></th>
|
||
<th class="head"><p>Initial turtle heading</p></th>
|
||
<th class="head"><p>positive angles</p></th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>“standard”</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>to the right (east)</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>counterclockwise</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>“logo”</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>upward (north)</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>clockwise</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"logo"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># resets turtle heading to north</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">mode</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">'logo'</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.colormode">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">colormode</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">cmode</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.colormode" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>cmode</strong> – one of the values 1.0 or 255</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Return the colormode or set it to 1.0 or 255. Subsequently <em>r</em>, <em>g</em>, <em>b</em>
|
||
values of color triples have to be in the range 0..*cmode*.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">colormode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pencolor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">240</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">160</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gt">Traceback (most recent call last):</span>
|
||
<span class="w"> </span> <span class="o">...</span>
|
||
<span class="gr">TurtleGraphicsError</span>: <span class="n">bad color sequence: (240, 160, 80)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">colormode</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">1.0</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">colormode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">255</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">colormode</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">255</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pencolor</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">240</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">160</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.getcanvas">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getcanvas</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.getcanvas" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the Canvas of this TurtleScreen. Useful for insiders who know what to
|
||
do with a Tkinter Canvas.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">cv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getcanvas</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">cv</span>
|
||
<span class="go"><turtle.ScrolledCanvas object ...></span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.getshapes">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getshapes</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.getshapes" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return a list of names of all currently available turtle shapes.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getshapes</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">['arrow', 'blank', 'circle', ..., 'turtle']</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.register_shape">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">register_shape</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">shape</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.register_shape" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.addshape">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">addshape</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">shape</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.addshape" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>There are three different ways to call this function:</p>
|
||
<ol class="arabic">
|
||
<li><p><em>name</em> is the name of a gif-file and <em>shape</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>: Install the
|
||
corresponding image shape.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register_shape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"turtle.gif"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||
<p>Image shapes <em>do not</em> rotate when turning the turtle, so they do not
|
||
display the heading of the turtle!</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p><em>name</em> is an arbitrary string and <em>shape</em> is a tuple of pairs of
|
||
coordinates: Install the corresponding polygon shape.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register_shape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"triangle"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)))</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p><em>name</em> is an arbitrary string and <em>shape</em> is a (compound) <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Shape" title="turtle.Shape"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Shape</span></code></a>
|
||
object: Install the corresponding compound shape.</p></li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<p>Add a turtle shape to TurtleScreen’s shapelist. Only thusly registered
|
||
shapes can be used by issuing the command <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shape(shapename)</span></code>.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.turtles">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">turtles</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.turtles" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the list of turtles on the screen.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">turtle</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">turtles</span><span class="p">():</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="n">turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">color</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"red"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.window_height">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">window_height</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.window_height" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the height of the turtle window.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">window_height</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">480</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.window_width">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">window_width</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.window_width" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the width of the turtle window.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">window_width</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">640</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="methods-specific-to-screen-not-inherited-from-turtlescreen">
|
||
<span id="screenspecific"></span><h3>Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen<a class="headerlink" href="#methods-specific-to-screen-not-inherited-from-turtlescreen" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.bye">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">bye</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.bye" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Shut the turtlegraphics window.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.exitonclick">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">exitonclick</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.exitonclick" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Bind <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bye()</span></code> method to mouse clicks on the Screen.</p>
|
||
<p>If the value “using_IDLE” in the configuration dictionary is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>
|
||
(default value), also enter mainloop. Remark: If IDLE with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-n</span></code> switch
|
||
(no subprocess) is used, this value should be set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> in
|
||
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.cfg</span></code>. In this case IDLE’s own mainloop is active also for the
|
||
client script.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.setup">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">setup</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">width</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">_CFG['width']</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">height</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">_CFG['height']</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">startx</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">_CFG['leftright']</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">starty</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">_CFG['topbottom']</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.setup" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Set the size and position of the main window. Default values of arguments
|
||
are stored in the configuration dictionary and can be changed via a
|
||
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.cfg</span></code> file.</p>
|
||
<dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>width</strong> – if an integer, a size in pixels, if a float, a fraction of the
|
||
screen; default is 50% of screen</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>height</strong> – if an integer, the height in pixels, if a float, a fraction of
|
||
the screen; default is 75% of screen</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>startx</strong> – if positive, starting position in pixels from the left
|
||
edge of the screen, if negative from the right edge, if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>,
|
||
center window horizontally</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>starty</strong> – if positive, starting position in pixels from the top
|
||
edge of the screen, if negative from the bottom edge, if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>,
|
||
center window vertically</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setup</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">height</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">startx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">starty</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span> <span class="c1"># sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">.75</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">height</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">startx</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">starty</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span> <span class="c1"># sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen and centers</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.title">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">title</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">titlestring</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.title" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>titlestring</strong> – a string that is shown in the titlebar of the turtle
|
||
graphics window</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Set title of turtle window to <em>titlestring</em>.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Welcome to the turtle zoo!"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="public-classes">
|
||
<h2>Public classes<a class="headerlink" href="#public-classes" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<dl class="py class">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.RawTurtle">
|
||
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">class</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">RawTurtle</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">canvas</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.RawTurtle" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.RawPen">
|
||
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">class</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">RawPen</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">canvas</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.RawPen" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>canvas</strong> – a <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.Canvas</span></code>, a <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.ScrolledCanvas" title="turtle.ScrolledCanvas"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ScrolledCanvas</span></code></a> or a
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.TurtleScreen" title="turtle.TurtleScreen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TurtleScreen</span></code></a></p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Create a turtle. The turtle has all methods described above as “methods of
|
||
Turtle/RawTurtle”.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py class">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.Turtle">
|
||
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">class</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Turtle</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.Turtle" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Subclass of RawTurtle, has the same interface but draws on a default
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Screen" title="turtle.Screen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Screen</span></code></a> object created automatically when needed for the first time.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py class">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.TurtleScreen">
|
||
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">class</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">TurtleScreen</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">cv</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.TurtleScreen" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>cv</strong> – a <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.Canvas</span></code></p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Provides screen oriented methods like <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.bgcolor" title="turtle.bgcolor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bgcolor()</span></code></a> etc. that are described
|
||
above.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py class">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.Screen">
|
||
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">class</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Screen</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.Screen" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Subclass of TurtleScreen, with <a class="reference internal" href="#screenspecific"><span class="std std-ref">four methods added</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py class">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.ScrolledCanvas">
|
||
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">class</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ScrolledCanvas</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">master</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.ScrolledCanvas" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>master</strong> – some Tkinter widget to contain the ScrolledCanvas, i.e.
|
||
a Tkinter-canvas with scrollbars added</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Used by class Screen, which thus automatically provides a ScrolledCanvas as
|
||
playground for the turtles.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py class">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.Shape">
|
||
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">class</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Shape</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">type_</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">data</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.Shape" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>type_</strong> – one of the strings “polygon”, “image”, “compound”</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Data structure modeling shapes. The pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(type_,</span> <span class="pre">data)</span></code> must follow this
|
||
specification:</p>
|
||
<table class="docutils align-default">
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p><em>type_</em></p></th>
|
||
<th class="head"><p><em>data</em></p></th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>“polygon”</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>a polygon-tuple, i.e. a tuple of pairs of coordinates</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>“image”</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>an image (in this form only used internally!)</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>“compound”</p></td>
|
||
<td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> (a compound shape has to be constructed using the
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Shape.addcomponent" title="turtle.Shape.addcomponent"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">addcomponent()</span></code></a> method)</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
<dl class="py method">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.Shape.addcomponent">
|
||
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">addcomponent</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">poly</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fill</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">outline</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.Shape.addcomponent" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><strong>poly</strong> – a polygon, i.e. a tuple of pairs of numbers</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>fill</strong> – a color the <em>poly</em> will be filled with</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><strong>outline</strong> – a color for the poly’s outline (if given)</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Example:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-pycon notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">poly</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">),(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">),(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">),(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">))</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Shape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"compound"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addcomponent</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">poly</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"red"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"blue"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="c1"># ... add more components and then use register_shape()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="#compoundshapes"><span class="std std-ref">Compound shapes</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py class">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.Vec2D">
|
||
<em class="property"><span class="k"><span class="pre">class</span></span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Vec2D</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">y</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.Vec2D" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>A two-dimensional vector class, used as a helper class for implementing
|
||
turtle graphics. May be useful for turtle graphics programs too. Derived
|
||
from tuple, so a vector is a tuple!</p>
|
||
<p>Provides (for <em>a</em>, <em>b</em> vectors, <em>k</em> number):</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> vector addition</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> vector subtraction</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">b</span></code> inner product</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">k</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">a</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">k</span></code> multiplication with scalar</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">abs(a)</span></code> absolute value of a</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a.rotate(angle)</span></code> rotation</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="explanation">
|
||
<span id="turtle-explanation"></span><h2>Explanation<a class="headerlink" href="#explanation" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>A turtle object draws on a screen object, and there a number of key classes in
|
||
the turtle object-oriented interface that can be used to create them and relate
|
||
them to each other.</p>
|
||
<p>A <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Turtle" title="turtle.Turtle"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Turtle</span></code></a> instance will automatically create a <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Screen" title="turtle.Screen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Screen</span></code></a>
|
||
instance if one is not already present.</p>
|
||
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Turtle</span></code> is a subclass of <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.RawTurtle" title="turtle.RawTurtle"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">RawTurtle</span></code></a>, which <em>doesn’t</em> automatically
|
||
create a drawing surface - a <em>canvas</em> will need to be provided or created for
|
||
it. The <em>canvas</em> can be a <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.Canvas</span></code>, <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.ScrolledCanvas" title="turtle.ScrolledCanvas"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ScrolledCanvas</span></code></a>
|
||
or <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.TurtleScreen" title="turtle.TurtleScreen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TurtleScreen</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.TurtleScreen" title="turtle.TurtleScreen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TurtleScreen</span></code></a> is the basic drawing surface for a
|
||
turtle. <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Screen" title="turtle.Screen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Screen</span></code></a> is a subclass of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TurtleScreen</span></code>, and
|
||
includes <a class="reference internal" href="#screenspecific"><span class="std std-ref">some additional methods</span></a> for managing its
|
||
appearance (including size and title) and behaviour. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TurtleScreen</span></code>’s
|
||
constructor needs a <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tkinter.Canvas</span></code> or a
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.ScrolledCanvas" title="turtle.ScrolledCanvas"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ScrolledCanvas</span></code></a> as an argument.</p>
|
||
<p>The functional interface for turtle graphics uses the various methods of
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Turtle</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TurtleScreen</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Screen</span></code>. Behind the scenes, a screen
|
||
object is automatically created whenever a function derived from a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Screen</span></code>
|
||
method is called. Similarly, a turtle object is automatically created
|
||
whenever any of the functions derived from a Turtle method is called.</p>
|
||
<p>To use multiple turtles on a screen, the object-oriented interface must be
|
||
used.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="help-and-configuration">
|
||
<h2>Help and configuration<a class="headerlink" href="#help-and-configuration" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<section id="how-to-use-help">
|
||
<h3>How to use help<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-use-help" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>The public methods of the Screen and Turtle classes are documented extensively
|
||
via docstrings. So these can be used as online-help via the Python help
|
||
facilities:</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><p>When using IDLE, tooltips show the signatures and first lines of the
|
||
docstrings of typed in function-/method calls.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Calling <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#help" title="help"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">help()</span></code></a> on methods or functions displays the docstrings:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">help</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Screen</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bgcolor</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">Help on method bgcolor in module turtle:</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="go">bgcolor(self, *args) unbound turtle.Screen method</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen.</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="go"> Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers.</span>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<span class="go"> >>> screen.bgcolor("orange")</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> >>> screen.bgcolor()</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> "orange"</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> >>> screen.bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5)</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> >>> screen.bgcolor()</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> "#800080"</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">help</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Turtle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">penup</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">Help on method penup in module turtle:</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="go">penup(self) unbound turtle.Turtle method</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="go"> Aliases: penup | pu | up</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="go"> No argument</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="go"> >>> turtle.penup()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><p>The docstrings of the functions which are derived from methods have a modified
|
||
form:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">help</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bgcolor</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">Help on function bgcolor in module turtle:</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="go">bgcolor(*args)</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen.</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="go"> Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers.</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="go"> Example::</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="go"> >>> bgcolor("orange")</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> >>> bgcolor()</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> "orange"</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> >>> bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5)</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> >>> bgcolor()</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> "#800080"</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">help</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">penup</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">Help on function penup in module turtle:</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="go">penup()</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving.</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="go"> Aliases: penup | pu | up</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="go"> No argument</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="go"> Example:</span>
|
||
<span class="go"> >>> penup()</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>These modified docstrings are created automatically together with the function
|
||
definitions that are derived from the methods at import time.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="translation-of-docstrings-into-different-languages">
|
||
<h3>Translation of docstrings into different languages<a class="headerlink" href="#translation-of-docstrings-into-different-languages" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>There is a utility to create a dictionary the keys of which are the method names
|
||
and the values of which are the docstrings of the public methods of the classes
|
||
Screen and Turtle.</p>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="turtle.write_docstringdict">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">turtle.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">write_docstringdict</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">filename</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">'turtle_docstringdict'</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#turtle.write_docstringdict" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><dl class="field-list simple">
|
||
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
|
||
<dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>filename</strong> – a string, used as filename</p>
|
||
</dd>
|
||
</dl>
|
||
<p>Create and write docstring-dictionary to a Python script with the given
|
||
filename. This function has to be called explicitly (it is not used by the
|
||
turtle graphics classes). The docstring dictionary will be written to the
|
||
Python script <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">filename</span></em><span class="pre">.py</span></code>. It is intended to serve as a template
|
||
for translation of the docstrings into different languages.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<p>If you (or your students) want to use <a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtle" title="turtle: An educational framework for simple graphics applications"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code></a> with online help in your
|
||
native language, you have to translate the docstrings and save the resulting
|
||
file as e.g. <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle_docstringdict_german.py</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<p>If you have an appropriate entry in your <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.cfg</span></code> file this dictionary
|
||
will be read in at import time and will replace the original English docstrings.</p>
|
||
<p>At the time of this writing there are docstring dictionaries in German and in
|
||
Italian. (Requests please to <a class="reference external" href="mailto:glingl%40aon.at">glingl<span>@</span>aon<span>.</span>at</a>.)</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="how-to-configure-screen-and-turtles">
|
||
<h3>How to configure Screen and Turtles<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-configure-screen-and-turtles" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>The built-in default configuration mimics the appearance and behaviour of the
|
||
old turtle module in order to retain best possible compatibility with it.</p>
|
||
<p>If you want to use a different configuration which better reflects the features
|
||
of this module or which better fits to your needs, e.g. for use in a classroom,
|
||
you can prepare a configuration file <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.cfg</span></code> which will be read at import
|
||
time and modify the configuration according to its settings.</p>
|
||
<p>The built in configuration would correspond to the following <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.cfg</span></code>:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-ini notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="na">width</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">0.5</span>
|
||
<span class="na">height</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">0.75</span>
|
||
<span class="na">leftright</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">None</span>
|
||
<span class="na">topbottom</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">None</span>
|
||
<span class="na">canvwidth</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">400</span>
|
||
<span class="na">canvheight</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">300</span>
|
||
<span class="na">mode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">standard</span>
|
||
<span class="na">colormode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">1.0</span>
|
||
<span class="na">delay</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">10</span>
|
||
<span class="na">undobuffersize</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">1000</span>
|
||
<span class="na">shape</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">classic</span>
|
||
<span class="na">pencolor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">black</span>
|
||
<span class="na">fillcolor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">black</span>
|
||
<span class="na">resizemode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">noresize</span>
|
||
<span class="na">visible</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">True</span>
|
||
<span class="na">language</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">english</span>
|
||
<span class="na">exampleturtle</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">turtle</span>
|
||
<span class="na">examplescreen</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">screen</span>
|
||
<span class="na">title</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">Python Turtle Graphics</span>
|
||
<span class="na">using_IDLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">False</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Short explanation of selected entries:</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p>The first four lines correspond to the arguments of the <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.setup" title="turtle.setup"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Screen.setup</span></code></a>
|
||
method.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Line 5 and 6 correspond to the arguments of the method
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.screensize" title="turtle.screensize"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Screen.screensize</span></code></a>.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><em>shape</em> can be any of the built-in shapes, e.g: arrow, turtle, etc. For more
|
||
info try <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">help(shape)</span></code>.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>If you want to use no fill color (i.e. make the turtle transparent), you have
|
||
to write <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fillcolor</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">""</span></code> (but all nonempty strings must not have quotes in
|
||
the cfg file).</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>If you want to reflect the turtle its state, you have to use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resizemode</span> <span class="pre">=</span>
|
||
<span class="pre">auto</span></code>.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>If you set e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">language</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">italian</span></code> the docstringdict
|
||
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle_docstringdict_italian.py</span></code> will be loaded at import time (if
|
||
present on the import path, e.g. in the same directory as <a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtle" title="turtle: An educational framework for simple graphics applications"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code></a>).</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>The entries <em>exampleturtle</em> and <em>examplescreen</em> define the names of these
|
||
objects as they occur in the docstrings. The transformation of
|
||
method-docstrings to function-docstrings will delete these names from the
|
||
docstrings.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><em>using_IDLE</em>: Set this to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if you regularly work with IDLE and its <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-n</span></code>
|
||
switch (“no subprocess”). This will prevent <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.exitonclick" title="turtle.exitonclick"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exitonclick()</span></code></a> to enter the
|
||
mainloop.</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>There can be a <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.cfg</span></code> file in the directory where <a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtle" title="turtle: An educational framework for simple graphics applications"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code></a> is
|
||
stored and an additional one in the current working directory. The latter will
|
||
override the settings of the first one.</p>
|
||
<p>The <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Lib/turtledemo</span></code> directory contains a <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.cfg</span></code> file. You can
|
||
study it as an example and see its effects when running the demos (preferably
|
||
not from within the demo-viewer).</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="module-turtledemo">
|
||
<span id="turtledemo-demo-scripts"></span><h2><a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtledemo" title="turtledemo: A viewer for example turtle scripts"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtledemo</span></code></a> — Demo scripts<a class="headerlink" href="#module-turtledemo" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtledemo" title="turtledemo: A viewer for example turtle scripts"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtledemo</span></code></a> package includes a set of demo scripts. These
|
||
scripts can be run and viewed using the supplied demo viewer as follows:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">turtledemo</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Alternatively, you can run the demo scripts individually. For example,</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">python</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">turtledemo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bytedesign</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtledemo" title="turtledemo: A viewer for example turtle scripts"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtledemo</span></code></a> package directory contains:</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p>A demo viewer <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__.py</span></code> which can be used to view the sourcecode
|
||
of the scripts and run them at the same time.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Multiple scripts demonstrating different features of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtle" title="turtle: An educational framework for simple graphics applications"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code></a>
|
||
module. Examples can be accessed via the Examples menu. They can also
|
||
be run standalone.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>A <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle.cfg</span></code> file which serves as an example of how to write
|
||
and use such files.</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>The demo scripts are:</p>
|
||
<table class="docutils align-default">
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Name</p></th>
|
||
<th class="head"><p>Description</p></th>
|
||
<th class="head"><p>Features</p></th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>bytedesign</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>complex classical
|
||
turtle graphics pattern</p></td>
|
||
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.tracer" title="turtle.tracer"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tracer()</span></code></a>, delay,
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.update" title="turtle.update"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">update()</span></code></a></p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>chaos</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>graphs Verhulst dynamics,
|
||
shows that computer’s
|
||
computations can generate
|
||
results sometimes against the
|
||
common sense expectations</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>world coordinates</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>clock</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>analog clock showing time
|
||
of your computer</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>turtles as clock’s
|
||
hands, ontimer</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>colormixer</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>experiment with r, g, b</p></td>
|
||
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.ondrag" title="turtle.ondrag"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ondrag()</span></code></a></p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>forest</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>3 breadth-first trees</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>randomization</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>fractalcurves</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>Hilbert & Koch curves</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>recursion</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>lindenmayer</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>ethnomathematics
|
||
(indian kolams)</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>L-System</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>minimal_hanoi</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>Towers of Hanoi</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>Rectangular Turtles
|
||
as Hanoi discs
|
||
(shape, shapesize)</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>nim</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>play the classical nim game
|
||
with three heaps of sticks
|
||
against the computer.</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>turtles as nimsticks,
|
||
event driven (mouse,
|
||
keyboard)</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>paint</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>super minimalistic
|
||
drawing program</p></td>
|
||
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onclick" title="turtle.onclick"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onclick()</span></code></a></p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>peace</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>elementary</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>turtle: appearance
|
||
and animation</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>penrose</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>aperiodic tiling with
|
||
kites and darts</p></td>
|
||
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.stamp" title="turtle.stamp"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stamp()</span></code></a></p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>planet_and_moon</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>simulation of
|
||
gravitational system</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>compound shapes,
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Vec2D" title="turtle.Vec2D"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Vec2D</span></code></a></p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>rosette</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>a pattern from the wikipedia
|
||
article on turtle graphics</p></td>
|
||
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.clone" title="turtle.clone"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clone()</span></code></a>,
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.undo" title="turtle.undo"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">undo()</span></code></a></p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>round_dance</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>dancing turtles rotating
|
||
pairwise in opposite
|
||
direction</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>compound shapes, clone
|
||
shapesize, tilt,
|
||
get_shapepoly, update</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>sorting_animate</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>visual demonstration of
|
||
different sorting methods</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>simple alignment,
|
||
randomization</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>tree</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>a (graphical) breadth
|
||
first tree (using generators)</p></td>
|
||
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.clone" title="turtle.clone"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clone()</span></code></a></p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>two_canvases</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>simple design</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>turtles on two
|
||
canvases</p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>yinyang</p></td>
|
||
<td><p>another elementary example</p></td>
|
||
<td><p><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.circle" title="turtle.circle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">circle()</span></code></a></p></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
<p>Have fun!</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="changes-since-python-2-6">
|
||
<h2>Changes since Python 2.6<a class="headerlink" href="#changes-since-python-2-6" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p>The methods <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.tracer" title="turtle.tracer"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Turtle.tracer</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.window_width" title="turtle.window_width"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Turtle.window_width</span></code></a> and
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.window_height" title="turtle.window_height"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Turtle.window_height</span></code></a> have been eliminated.
|
||
Methods with these names and functionality are now available only
|
||
as methods of <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Screen" title="turtle.Screen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Screen</span></code></a>. The functions derived from these remain
|
||
available. (In fact already in Python 2.6 these methods were merely
|
||
duplications of the corresponding
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.TurtleScreen" title="turtle.TurtleScreen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TurtleScreen</span></code></a>/<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Screen" title="turtle.Screen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Screen</span></code></a> methods.)</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>The method <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Turtle.fill()</span></code> has been eliminated.
|
||
The behaviour of <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.begin_fill" title="turtle.begin_fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">begin_fill()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.end_fill" title="turtle.end_fill"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">end_fill()</span></code></a>
|
||
have changed slightly: now every filling process must be completed with an
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">end_fill()</span></code> call.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>A method <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.filling" title="turtle.filling"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Turtle.filling</span></code></a> has been added. It returns a boolean
|
||
value: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if a filling process is under way, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> otherwise.
|
||
This behaviour corresponds to a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fill()</span></code> call without arguments in
|
||
Python 2.6.</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="changes-since-python-3-0">
|
||
<h2>Changes since Python 3.0<a class="headerlink" href="#changes-since-python-3-0" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Turtle" title="turtle.Turtle"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Turtle</span></code></a> methods <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shearfactor" title="turtle.shearfactor"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shearfactor()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.shapetransform" title="turtle.shapetransform"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shapetransform()</span></code></a> and
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.get_shapepoly" title="turtle.get_shapepoly"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_shapepoly()</span></code></a> have been added. Thus the full range of
|
||
regular linear transforms is now available for transforming turtle shapes.
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.tiltangle" title="turtle.tiltangle"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tiltangle()</span></code></a> has been enhanced in functionality: it now can
|
||
be used to get or set the tilt angle.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Screen" title="turtle.Screen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Screen</span></code></a> method <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onkeypress" title="turtle.onkeypress"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onkeypress()</span></code></a> has been added as a complement to
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onkey" title="turtle.onkey"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onkey()</span></code></a>. As the latter binds actions to the key release event,
|
||
an alias: <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.onkeyrelease" title="turtle.onkeyrelease"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">onkeyrelease()</span></code></a> was also added for it.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>The method <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mainloop" title="turtle.mainloop"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Screen.mainloop</span></code></a> has been added,
|
||
so there is no longer a need to use the standalone <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.mainloop" title="turtle.mainloop"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mainloop()</span></code></a> function
|
||
when working with <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Screen" title="turtle.Screen"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Screen</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.Turtle" title="turtle.Turtle"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Turtle</span></code></a> objects.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Two input methods have been added: <a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.textinput" title="turtle.textinput"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Screen.textinput</span></code></a> and
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#turtle.numinput" title="turtle.numinput"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Screen.numinput</span></code></a>. These pop up input dialogs and return
|
||
strings and numbers respectively.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>Two example scripts <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tdemo_nim.py</span></code> and <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tdemo_round_dance.py</span></code>
|
||
have been added to the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Lib/turtledemo</span></code> directory.</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
|
||
<div class="clearer"></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="Main">
|
||
<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
|
||
<div>
|
||
<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> — Turtle graphics</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#get-started">Get started</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tutorial">Tutorial</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#starting-a-turtle-environment">Starting a turtle environment</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-drawing">Basic drawing</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pen-control">Pen control</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-turtle-s-position">The turtle’s position</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#making-algorithmic-patterns">Making algorithmic patterns</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to">How to…</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#get-started-as-quickly-as-possible">Get started as quickly as possible</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#use-the-turtle-module-namespace">Use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> module namespace</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#use-turtle-graphics-in-a-script">Use turtle graphics in a script</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#use-object-oriented-turtle-graphics">Use object-oriented turtle graphics</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-graphics-reference">Turtle graphics reference</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-methods">Turtle methods</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen">Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-of-rawturtle-turtle-and-corresponding-functions">Methods of RawTurtle/Turtle and corresponding functions</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-motion">Turtle motion</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tell-turtle-s-state">Tell Turtle’s state</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#settings-for-measurement">Settings for measurement</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1">Pen control</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#drawing-state">Drawing state</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#color-control">Color control</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#filling">Filling</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#more-drawing-control">More drawing control</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#turtle-state">Turtle state</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#visibility">Visibility</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#appearance">Appearance</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-events">Using events</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#special-turtle-methods">Special Turtle methods</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#compound-shapes">Compound shapes</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-of-turtlescreen-screen-and-corresponding-functions">Methods of TurtleScreen/Screen and corresponding functions</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#window-control">Window control</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#animation-control">Animation control</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-screen-events">Using screen events</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#input-methods">Input methods</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#settings-and-special-methods">Settings and special methods</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-specific-to-screen-not-inherited-from-turtlescreen">Methods specific to Screen, not inherited from TurtleScreen</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#public-classes">Public classes</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#explanation">Explanation</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#help-and-configuration">Help and configuration</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-use-help">How to use help</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#translation-of-docstrings-into-different-languages">Translation of docstrings into different languages</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-configure-screen-and-turtles">How to configure Screen and Turtles</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#module-turtledemo"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtledemo</span></code> — Demo scripts</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#changes-since-python-2-6">Changes since Python 2.6</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#changes-since-python-3-0">Changes since Python 3.0</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
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</li>
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