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<section id="module-os.path">
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<span id="os-path-common-pathname-manipulations"></span><h1><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code> — Common pathname manipulations<a class="headerlink" href="#module-os.path" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.13/Lib/genericpath.py">Lib/genericpath.py</a>, <a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.13/Lib/posixpath.py">Lib/posixpath.py</a> (for POSIX) and
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<hr class="docutils" id="index-0" />
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<p>This module implements some useful functions on pathnames. To read or write
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files see <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a>, and for accessing the filesystem see the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#module-os" title="os: Miscellaneous operating system interfaces."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code></a>
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module. The path parameters can be passed as strings, or bytes, or any object
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implementing the <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.PathLike" title="os.PathLike"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.PathLike</span></code></a> protocol.</p>
|
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<p>Unlike a Unix shell, Python does not do any <em>automatic</em> path expansions.
|
||
Functions such as <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.expanduser" title="os.path.expanduser"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expanduser()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.expandvars" title="os.path.expandvars"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">expandvars()</span></code></a> can be invoked
|
||
explicitly when an application desires shell-like path expansion. (See also
|
||
the <a class="reference internal" href="glob.html#module-glob" title="glob: Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code></a> module.)</p>
|
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<div class="admonition seealso">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
|
||
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="pathlib.html#module-pathlib" title="pathlib: Object-oriented filesystem paths"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pathlib</span></code></a> module offers high-level path objects.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||
<p>All of these functions accept either only bytes or only string objects as
|
||
their parameters. The result is an object of the same type, if a path or
|
||
file name is returned.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||
<p>Since different operating systems have different path name conventions, there
|
||
are several versions of this module in the standard library. The
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-os.path" title="os.path: Operations on pathnames."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code></a> module is always the path module suitable for the operating
|
||
system Python is running on, and therefore usable for local paths. However,
|
||
you can also import and use the individual modules if you want to manipulate
|
||
a path that is <em>always</em> in one of the different formats. They all have the
|
||
same interface:</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posixpath</span></code> for UNIX-style paths</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ntpath</span></code> for Windows paths</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span><a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exists()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.lexists" title="os.path.lexists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lexists()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isdir" title="os.path.isdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isdir()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isfile" title="os.path.isfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isfile()</span></code></a>,
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.islink" title="os.path.islink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">islink()</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.ismount" title="os.path.ismount"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ismount()</span></code></a> now return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> instead of
|
||
raising an exception for paths that contain characters or bytes
|
||
unrepresentable at the OS level.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.abspath">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">abspath</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.abspath" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return a normalized absolutized version of the pathname <em>path</em>. On most
|
||
platforms, this is equivalent to calling the function <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.normpath" title="os.path.normpath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normpath()</span></code></a> as
|
||
follows: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normpath(join(os.getcwd(),</span> <span class="pre">path))</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.basename">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">basename</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.basename" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the base name of pathname <em>path</em>. This is the second element of the
|
||
pair returned by passing <em>path</em> to the function <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.split" title="os.path.split"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">split()</span></code></a>. Note that
|
||
the result of this function is different
|
||
from the Unix <strong class="program">basename</strong> program; where <strong class="program">basename</strong> for
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'/foo/bar/'</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'bar'</span></code>, the <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.basename" title="os.path.basename"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">basename()</span></code></a> function returns an
|
||
empty string (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>).</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.commonpath">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">commonpath</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">paths</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.commonpath" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the longest common sub-path of each pathname in the iterable
|
||
<em>paths</em>. Raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> if <em>paths</em> contain both absolute
|
||
and relative pathnames, if <em>paths</em> are on different drives, or
|
||
if <em>paths</em> is empty. Unlike <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.commonprefix" title="os.path.commonprefix"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commonprefix()</span></code></a>, this returns a
|
||
valid path.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.5.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a sequence of <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like objects</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.13: </span>Any iterable can now be passed, rather than just sequences.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.commonprefix">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">commonprefix</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">list</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.commonprefix" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the longest path prefix (taken character-by-character) that is a
|
||
prefix of all paths in <em>list</em>. If <em>list</em> is empty, return the empty string
|
||
(<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>).</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||
<p>This function may return invalid paths because it works a
|
||
character at a time. To obtain a valid path, see
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.commonpath" title="os.path.commonpath"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commonpath()</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commonprefix</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">'/usr/lib'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'/usr/local/lib'</span><span class="p">])</span>
|
||
<span class="go">'/usr/l'</span>
|
||
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commonpath</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="s1">'/usr/lib'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'/usr/local/lib'</span><span class="p">])</span>
|
||
<span class="go">'/usr'</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.dirname">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dirname</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.dirname" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the directory name of pathname <em>path</em>. This is the first element of
|
||
the pair returned by passing <em>path</em> to the function <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.split" title="os.path.split"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">split()</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.exists">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">exists</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.exists" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> refers to an existing path or an open
|
||
file descriptor. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> for broken symbolic links. On
|
||
some platforms, this function may return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if permission is
|
||
not granted to execute <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a> on the requested file, even
|
||
if the <em>path</em> physically exists.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.3: </span><em>path</em> can now be an integer: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> is returned if it is an
|
||
open file descriptor, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> otherwise.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.lexists">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">lexists</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.lexists" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> refers to an existing path, including
|
||
broken symbolic links. Equivalent to <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exists()</span></code></a> on platforms lacking
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.lstat" title="os.lstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.lstat()</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function" id="index-1">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.expanduser">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">expanduser</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.expanduser" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>On Unix and Windows, return the argument with an initial component of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~</span></code> or
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code> replaced by that <em>user</em>’s home directory.</p>
|
||
<p id="index-2">On Unix, an initial <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~</span></code> is replaced by the environment variable <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOME</span></code>
|
||
if it is set; otherwise the current user’s home directory is looked up in the
|
||
password directory through the built-in module <a class="reference internal" href="pwd.html#module-pwd" title="pwd: The password database (getpwnam() and friends). (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pwd</span></code></a>. An initial <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code>
|
||
is looked up directly in the password directory.</p>
|
||
<p>On Windows, <span class="target" id="index-4"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USERPROFILE</span></code> will be used if set, otherwise a combination
|
||
of <span class="target" id="index-5"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOMEPATH</span></code> and <span class="target" id="index-6"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOMEDRIVE</span></code> will be used. An initial
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~user</span></code> is handled by checking that the last directory component of the current
|
||
user’s home directory matches <span class="target" id="index-7"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USERNAME</span></code>, and replacing it if so.</p>
|
||
<p>If the expansion fails or if the path does not begin with a tilde, the path is
|
||
returned unchanged.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span>No longer uses <span class="target" id="index-8"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HOME</span></code> on Windows.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function" id="index-9">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.expandvars">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">expandvars</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.expandvars" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the argument with environment variables expanded. Substrings of the form
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$name</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${name}</span></code> are replaced by the value of environment variable
|
||
<em>name</em>. Malformed variable names and references to non-existing variables are
|
||
left unchanged.</p>
|
||
<p>On Windows, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%name%</span></code> expansions are supported in addition to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$name</span></code> and
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">${name}</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.getatime">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getatime</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getatime" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the time of last access of <em>path</em>. The return value is a floating-point number giving
|
||
the number of seconds since the epoch (see the <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#module-time" title="time: Time access and conversions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> module). Raise
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.getmtime">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getmtime</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getmtime" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the time of last modification of <em>path</em>. The return value is a floating-point number
|
||
giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#module-time" title="time: Time access and conversions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> module).
|
||
Raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.getctime">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getctime</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getctime" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the system’s ctime which, on some systems (like Unix) is the time of the
|
||
last metadata change, and, on others (like Windows), is the creation time for <em>path</em>.
|
||
The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see
|
||
the <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#module-time" title="time: Time access and conversions."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code></a> module). Raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> if the file does not exist or
|
||
is inaccessible.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.getsize">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getsize</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.getsize" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the size, in bytes, of <em>path</em>. Raise <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> if the file does
|
||
not exist or is inaccessible.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.isabs">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">isabs</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isabs" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> is an absolute pathname. On Unix, that means it
|
||
begins with a slash, on Windows that it begins with two (back)slashes, or a
|
||
drive letter, colon, and (back)slash together.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.13: </span>On Windows, returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if the given path starts with exactly one
|
||
(back)slash.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.isfile">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">isfile</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isfile" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> is an <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">existing</span></code></a> regular file.
|
||
This follows symbolic links, so both <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.islink" title="os.path.islink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">islink()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isfile" title="os.path.isfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isfile()</span></code></a> can
|
||
be true for the same path.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.isdir">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">isdir</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isdir" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> is an <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">existing</span></code></a> directory. This
|
||
follows symbolic links, so both <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.islink" title="os.path.islink"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">islink()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.isdir" title="os.path.isdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">isdir()</span></code></a> can be true
|
||
for the same path.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.isjunction">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">isjunction</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isjunction" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> refers to an <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.lexists" title="os.path.lexists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">existing</span></code></a> directory
|
||
entry that is a junction. Always return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if junctions are not
|
||
supported on the current platform.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.12.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.islink">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">islink</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.islink" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> refers to an <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.exists" title="os.path.exists"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">existing</span></code></a> directory
|
||
entry that is a symbolic link. Always <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> if symbolic links are not
|
||
supported by the Python runtime.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.ismount">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ismount</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.ismount" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if pathname <em>path</em> is a <em class="dfn">mount point</em>: a point in a
|
||
file system where a different file system has been mounted. On POSIX, the
|
||
function checks whether <em>path</em>’s parent, <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">path</span></em><span class="pre">/..</span></code>, is on a different
|
||
device than <em>path</em>, or whether <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><em><span class="pre">path</span></em><span class="pre">/..</span></code> and <em>path</em> point to the same
|
||
i-node on the same device — this should detect mount points for all Unix
|
||
and POSIX variants. It is not able to reliably detect bind mounts on the
|
||
same filesystem. On Windows, a drive letter root and a share UNC are
|
||
always mount points, and for any other path <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GetVolumePathName</span></code> is called
|
||
to see if it is different from the input path.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Added support for detecting non-root mount points on Windows.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.isdevdrive">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">isdevdrive</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isdevdrive" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if pathname <em>path</em> is located on a Windows Dev Drive.
|
||
A Dev Drive is optimized for developer scenarios, and offers faster
|
||
performance for reading and writing files. It is recommended for use for
|
||
source code, temporary build directories, package caches, and other
|
||
IO-intensive operations.</p>
|
||
<p>May raise an error for an invalid path, for example, one without a
|
||
recognizable drive, but returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> on platforms that do not support
|
||
Dev Drives. See <a class="reference external" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/windows/dev-drive/">the Windows documentation</a>
|
||
for information on enabling and creating Dev Drives.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.12.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.13: </span>The function is now available on all platforms, and will always return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> on those that have no support for Dev Drives</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.isreserved">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">isreserved</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.isreserved" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if <em>path</em> is a reserved pathname on the current system.</p>
|
||
<p>On Windows, reserved filenames include those that end with a space or dot;
|
||
those that contain colons (i.e. file streams such as “name:stream”),
|
||
wildcard characters (i.e. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'*?"<>'</span></code>), pipe, or ASCII control characters;
|
||
as well as DOS device names such as “NUL”, “CON”, “CONIN$”, “CONOUT$”,
|
||
“AUX”, “PRN”, “COM1”, and “LPT1”.</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||
<p>This function approximates rules for reserved paths on most Windows
|
||
systems. These rules change over time in various Windows releases.
|
||
This function may be updated in future Python releases as changes to
|
||
the rules become broadly available.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="availability docutils container">
|
||
<p><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#availability"><span class="std std-ref">Availability</span></a>: Windows.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.13.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.join">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">join</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">paths</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.join" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Join one or more path segments intelligently. The return value is the
|
||
concatenation of <em>path</em> and all members of <em>*paths</em>, with exactly one
|
||
directory separator following each non-empty part, except the last. That is,
|
||
the result will only end in a separator if the last part is either empty or
|
||
ends in a separator. If a segment is an absolute path (which on Windows
|
||
requires both a drive and a root), then all previous segments are ignored and
|
||
joining continues from the absolute path segment.</p>
|
||
<p>On Windows, the drive is not reset when a rooted path segment (e.g.,
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r'\foo'</span></code>) is encountered. If a segment is on a different drive or is an
|
||
absolute path, all previous segments are ignored and the drive is reset. Note
|
||
that since there is a current directory for each drive,
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.join("c:",</span> <span class="pre">"foo")</span></code> represents a path relative to the current
|
||
directory on drive <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C:</span></code> (<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c:foo</span></code>), not <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c:\foo</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a> for <em>path</em> and <em>paths</em>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.normcase">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">normcase</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.normcase" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Normalize the case of a pathname. On Windows, convert all characters in the
|
||
pathname to lowercase, and also convert forward slashes to backward slashes.
|
||
On other operating systems, return the path unchanged.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.normpath">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">normpath</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.normpath" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Normalize a pathname by collapsing redundant separators and up-level
|
||
references so that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A//B</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/B/</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/./B</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/foo/../B</span></code> all
|
||
become <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A/B</span></code>. This string manipulation may change the meaning of a path
|
||
that contains symbolic links. On Windows, it converts forward slashes to
|
||
backward slashes. To normalize case, use <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.normcase" title="os.path.normcase"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">normcase()</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||
<p>On POSIX systems, in accordance with <a class="reference external" href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_13">IEEE Std 1003.1 2013 Edition; 4.13
|
||
Pathname Resolution</a>,
|
||
if a pathname begins with exactly two slashes, the first component
|
||
following the leading characters may be interpreted in an implementation-defined
|
||
manner, although more than two leading characters shall be treated as a
|
||
single character.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.realpath">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">realpath</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="keyword-only-separator o"><abbr title="Keyword-only parameters separator (PEP 3102)"><span class="pre">*</span></abbr></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">strict</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.realpath" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return the canonical path of the specified filename, eliminating any symbolic
|
||
links encountered in the path (if they are supported by the operating
|
||
system). On Windows, this function will also resolve MS-DOS (also called 8.3)
|
||
style names such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C:\\PROGRA~1</span></code> to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C:\\Program</span> <span class="pre">Files</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<p>If a path doesn’t exist or a symlink loop is encountered, and <em>strict</em> is
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#OSError" title="OSError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OSError</span></code></a> is raised. If <em>strict</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> these errors
|
||
are ignored, and so the result might be missing or otherwise inaccessible.</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||
<p>This function emulates the operating system’s procedure for making a path
|
||
canonical, which differs slightly between Windows and UNIX with respect
|
||
to how links and subsequent path components interact.</p>
|
||
<p>Operating system APIs make paths canonical as needed, so it’s not
|
||
normally necessary to call this function.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span>Symbolic links and junctions are now resolved on Windows.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.10: </span>The <em>strict</em> parameter was added.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.relpath">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">relpath</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">start</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">os.curdir</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.relpath" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return a relative filepath to <em>path</em> either from the current directory or
|
||
from an optional <em>start</em> directory. This is a path computation: the
|
||
filesystem is not accessed to confirm the existence or nature of <em>path</em> or
|
||
<em>start</em>. On Windows, <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></code></a> is raised when <em>path</em> and <em>start</em>
|
||
are on different drives.</p>
|
||
<p><em>start</em> defaults to <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.curdir" title="os.curdir"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.curdir</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.samefile">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">samefile</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path2</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.samefile" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if both pathname arguments refer to the same file or directory.
|
||
This is determined by the device number and i-node number and raises an
|
||
exception if an <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a> call on either pathname fails.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Added Windows support.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Windows now uses the same implementation as all other platforms.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.sameopenfile">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">sameopenfile</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fp1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fp2</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.sameopenfile" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the file descriptors <em>fp1</em> and <em>fp2</em> refer to the same file.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Added Windows support.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.samestat">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">samestat</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stat1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stat2</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.samestat" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if the stat tuples <em>stat1</em> and <em>stat2</em> refer to the same file.
|
||
These structures may have been returned by <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.fstat" title="os.fstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.fstat()</span></code></a>,
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.lstat" title="os.lstat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.lstat()</span></code></a>, or <a class="reference internal" href="os.html#os.stat" title="os.stat"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.stat()</span></code></a>. This function implements the
|
||
underlying comparison used by <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.samefile" title="os.path.samefile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">samefile()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.sameopenfile" title="os.path.sameopenfile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sameopenfile()</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Added Windows support.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.split">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">split</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.split" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Split the pathname <em>path</em> into a pair, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(head,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code> where <em>tail</em> is the
|
||
last pathname component and <em>head</em> is everything leading up to that. The
|
||
<em>tail</em> part will never contain a slash; if <em>path</em> ends in a slash, <em>tail</em>
|
||
will be empty. If there is no slash in <em>path</em>, <em>head</em> will be empty. If
|
||
<em>path</em> is empty, both <em>head</em> and <em>tail</em> are empty. Trailing slashes are
|
||
stripped from <em>head</em> unless it is the root (one or more slashes only). In
|
||
all cases, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">join(head,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code> returns a path to the same location as <em>path</em>
|
||
(but the strings may differ). Also see the functions <a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.dirname" title="os.path.dirname"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dirname()</span></code></a> and
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#os.path.basename" title="os.path.basename"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">basename()</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.splitdrive">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">splitdrive</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.splitdrive" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Split the pathname <em>path</em> into a pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(drive,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code> where <em>drive</em> is either
|
||
a mount point or the empty string. On systems which do not use drive
|
||
specifications, <em>drive</em> will always be the empty string. In all cases, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drive</span>
|
||
<span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">tail</span></code> will be the same as <em>path</em>.</p>
|
||
<p>On Windows, splits a pathname into drive/UNC sharepoint and relative path.</p>
|
||
<p>If the path contains a drive letter, drive will contain everything
|
||
up to and including the colon:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">splitdrive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"c:/dir"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">("c:", "/dir")</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>If the path contains a UNC path, drive will contain the host name
|
||
and share:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">splitdrive</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"//host/computer/dir"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">("//host/computer", "/dir")</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.splitroot">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">splitroot</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.splitroot" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Split the pathname <em>path</em> into a 3-item tuple <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(drive,</span> <span class="pre">root,</span> <span class="pre">tail)</span></code> where
|
||
<em>drive</em> is a device name or mount point, <em>root</em> is a string of separators
|
||
after the drive, and <em>tail</em> is everything after the root. Any of these
|
||
items may be the empty string. In all cases, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drive</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">root</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">tail</span></code> will
|
||
be the same as <em>path</em>.</p>
|
||
<p>On POSIX systems, <em>drive</em> is always empty. The <em>root</em> may be empty (if <em>path</em> is
|
||
relative), a single forward slash (if <em>path</em> is absolute), or two forward slashes
|
||
(implementation-defined per <a class="reference external" href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_13">IEEE Std 1003.1-2017; 4.13 Pathname Resolution</a>.)
|
||
For example:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">splitroot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/home/sam'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">('', '/', 'home/sam')</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">splitroot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'//home/sam'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">('', '//', 'home/sam')</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">splitroot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'///home/sam'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">('', '/', '//home/sam')</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>On Windows, <em>drive</em> may be empty, a drive-letter name, a UNC share, or a device
|
||
name. The <em>root</em> may be empty, a forward slash, or a backward slash. For
|
||
example:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">splitroot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'C:/Users/Sam'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">('C:', '/', 'Users/Sam')</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">splitroot</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'//Server/Share/Users/Sam'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">('//Server/Share', '/', 'Users/Sam')</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.12.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.splitext">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">splitext</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.splitext" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Split the pathname <em>path</em> into a pair <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(root,</span> <span class="pre">ext)</span></code> such that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">root</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">ext</span> <span class="pre">==</span>
|
||
<span class="pre">path</span></code>, and the extension, <em>ext</em>, is empty or begins with a period and contains at
|
||
most one period.</p>
|
||
<p>If the path contains no extension, <em>ext</em> will be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">splitext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'bar'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">('bar', '')</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>If the path contains an extension, then <em>ext</em> will be set to this extension,
|
||
including the leading period. Note that previous periods will be ignored:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">splitext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'foo.bar.exe'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">('foo.bar', '.exe')</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">splitext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/foo/bar.exe'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">('/foo/bar', '.exe')</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Leading periods of the last component of the path are considered to
|
||
be part of the root:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">splitext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'.cshrc'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">('.cshrc', '')</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">splitext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'/foo/....jpg'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="go">('/foo/....jpg', '')</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Accepts a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-path-like-object"><span class="xref std std-term">path-like object</span></a>.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="py data">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="os.path.supports_unicode_filenames">
|
||
<span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">os.path.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">supports_unicode_filenames</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#os.path.supports_unicode_filenames" title="Link to this definition">¶</a></dt>
|
||
<dd><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> if arbitrary Unicode strings can be used as file names (within limitations
|
||
imposed by the file system).</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
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