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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Installing Python Modules</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#key-terms">Key terms</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-usage">Basic usage</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#install-pip-in-versions-of-python-prior-to-python-3-4">… install <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> in versions of Python prior to Python 3.4?</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#install-packages-just-for-the-current-user">… install packages just for the current user?</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#install-scientific-python-packages">… install scientific Python packages?</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#work-with-multiple-versions-of-python-installed-in-parallel">… work with multiple versions of Python installed in parallel?</a></li>
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<section id="installing-python-modules">
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<span id="installing-index"></span><h1>Installing Python Modules<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-python-modules" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<dl class="field-list simple">
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<dt class="field-odd">Email<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
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<dd class="field-odd"><p><a class="reference external" href="mailto:distutils-sig%40python.org">distutils-sig<span>@</span>python<span>.</span>org</a></p>
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</dd>
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</dl>
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<p>As a popular open source development project, Python has an active
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supporting community of contributors and users that also make their software
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available for other Python developers to use under open source license terms.</p>
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<p>This allows Python users to share and collaborate effectively, benefiting
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from the solutions others have already created to common (and sometimes
|
||
even rare!) problems, as well as potentially contributing their own
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||
solutions to the common pool.</p>
|
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<p>This guide covers the installation part of the process. For a guide to
|
||
creating and sharing your own Python projects, refer to the
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||
<a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/tutorials/packaging-projects/">Python packaging user guide</a>.</p>
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<div class="admonition note">
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<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
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<p>For corporate and other institutional users, be aware that many
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organisations have their own policies around using and contributing to
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||
open source software. Please take such policies into account when making
|
||
use of the distribution and installation tools provided with Python.</p>
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</div>
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<section id="key-terms">
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<h2>Key terms<a class="headerlink" href="#key-terms" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> is the preferred installer program. Starting with Python 3.4, it
|
||
is included by default with the Python binary installers.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>A <em>virtual environment</em> is a semi-isolated Python environment that allows
|
||
packages to be installed for use by a particular application, rather than
|
||
being installed system wide.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> is the standard tool for creating virtual environments, and has
|
||
been part of Python since Python 3.3. Starting with Python 3.4, it
|
||
defaults to installing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> into all created virtual environments.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">virtualenv</span></code> is a third party alternative (and predecessor) to
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code>. It allows virtual environments to be used on versions of
|
||
Python prior to 3.4, which either don’t provide <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> at all, or
|
||
aren’t able to automatically install <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> into created environments.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>The <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org">Python Package Index</a> is a public
|
||
repository of open source licensed packages made available for use by
|
||
other Python users.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p>the <a class="reference external" href="https://www.pypa.io/">Python Packaging Authority</a> is the group of
|
||
developers and documentation authors responsible for the maintenance and
|
||
evolution of the standard packaging tools and the associated metadata and
|
||
file format standards. They maintain a variety of tools, documentation,
|
||
and issue trackers on <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/pypa">GitHub</a>.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distutils</span></code> is the original build and distribution system first added to
|
||
the Python standard library in 1998. While direct use of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distutils</span></code> is
|
||
being phased out, it still laid the foundation for the current packaging
|
||
and distribution infrastructure, and it not only remains part of the
|
||
standard library, but its name lives on in other ways (such as the name
|
||
of the mailing list used to coordinate Python packaging standards
|
||
development).</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.5: </span>The use of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code> is now recommended for creating virtual environments.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="admonition seealso">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
|
||
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/installing/#creating-virtual-environments">Python Packaging User Guide: Creating and using virtual environments</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="basic-usage">
|
||
<h2>Basic usage<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-usage" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>The standard packaging tools are all designed to be used from the command
|
||
line.</p>
|
||
<p>The following command will install the latest version of a module and its
|
||
dependencies from the Python Package Index:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python -m pip install SomePackage
|
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</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||
<p>For POSIX users (including macOS and Linux users), the examples in
|
||
this guide assume the use of a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-virtual-environment"><span class="xref std std-term">virtual environment</span></a>.</p>
|
||
<p>For Windows users, the examples in this guide assume that the option to
|
||
adjust the system PATH environment variable was selected when installing
|
||
Python.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>It’s also possible to specify an exact or minimum version directly on the
|
||
command line. When using comparator operators such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">></span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre"><</span></code> or some other
|
||
special character which get interpreted by shell, the package name and the
|
||
version should be enclosed within double quotes:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python -m pip install SomePackage==1.0.4 # specific version
|
||
python -m pip install "SomePackage>=1.0.4" # minimum version
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Normally, if a suitable module is already installed, attempting to install
|
||
it again will have no effect. Upgrading existing modules must be requested
|
||
explicitly:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python -m pip install --upgrade SomePackage
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>More information and resources regarding <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> and its capabilities can be
|
||
found in the <a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org">Python Packaging User Guide</a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Creation of virtual environments is done through the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/venv.html#module-venv" title="venv: Creation of virtual environments."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">venv</span></code></a> module.
|
||
Installing packages into an active virtual environment uses the commands shown
|
||
above.</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition seealso">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
|
||
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/installing/">Python Packaging User Guide: Installing Python Distribution Packages</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="how-do-i">
|
||
<h2>How do I …?<a class="headerlink" href="#how-do-i" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>These are quick answers or links for some common tasks.</p>
|
||
<section id="install-pip-in-versions-of-python-prior-to-python-3-4">
|
||
<h3>… install <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> in versions of Python prior to Python 3.4?<a class="headerlink" href="#install-pip-in-versions-of-python-prior-to-python-3-4" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>Python only started bundling <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> with Python 3.4. For earlier versions,
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> needs to be “bootstrapped” as described in the Python Packaging
|
||
User Guide.</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition seealso">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
|
||
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/installing/#requirements-for-installing-packages">Python Packaging User Guide: Requirements for Installing Packages</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="install-packages-just-for-the-current-user">
|
||
<h3>… install packages just for the current user?<a class="headerlink" href="#install-packages-just-for-the-current-user" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>Passing the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--user</span></code> option to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">pip</span> <span class="pre">install</span></code> will install a
|
||
package just for the current user, rather than for all users of the system.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="install-scientific-python-packages">
|
||
<h3>… install scientific Python packages?<a class="headerlink" href="#install-scientific-python-packages" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>A number of scientific Python packages have complex binary dependencies, and
|
||
aren’t currently easy to install using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> directly. At this point in
|
||
time, it will often be easier for users to install these packages by
|
||
<a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/science/">other means</a>
|
||
rather than attempting to install them with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition seealso">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
|
||
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/science/">Python Packaging User Guide: Installing Scientific Packages</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="work-with-multiple-versions-of-python-installed-in-parallel">
|
||
<h3>… work with multiple versions of Python installed in parallel?<a class="headerlink" href="#work-with-multiple-versions-of-python-installed-in-parallel" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>On Linux, macOS, and other POSIX systems, use the versioned Python commands
|
||
in combination with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span></code> switch to run the appropriate copy of
|
||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code>:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python2 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 2
|
||
python2.7 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 2.7
|
||
python3 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 3
|
||
python3.4 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 3.4
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Appropriately versioned <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> commands may also be available.</p>
|
||
<p>On Windows, use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py</span></code> Python launcher in combination with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span></code>
|
||
switch:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>py -2 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 2
|
||
py -2.7 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 2.7
|
||
py -3 -m pip install SomePackage # default Python 3
|
||
py -3.4 -m pip install SomePackage # specifically Python 3.4
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="common-installation-issues">
|
||
<h2>Common installation issues<a class="headerlink" href="#common-installation-issues" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<section id="installing-into-the-system-python-on-linux">
|
||
<h3>Installing into the system Python on Linux<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-into-the-system-python-on-linux" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>On Linux systems, a Python installation will typically be included as part
|
||
of the distribution. Installing into this Python installation requires
|
||
root access to the system, and may interfere with the operation of the
|
||
system package manager and other components of the system if a component
|
||
is unexpectedly upgraded using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code>.</p>
|
||
<p>On such systems, it is often better to use a virtual environment or a
|
||
per-user installation when installing packages with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code>.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="pip-not-installed">
|
||
<h3>Pip not installed<a class="headerlink" href="#pip-not-installed" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>It is possible that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> does not get installed by default. One potential fix is:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python -m ensurepip --default-pip
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>There are also additional resources for <a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/tutorials/installing-packages/#ensure-pip-setuptools-and-wheel-are-up-to-date">installing pip.</a></p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="installing-binary-extensions">
|
||
<h3>Installing binary extensions<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-binary-extensions" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>Python has typically relied heavily on source based distribution, with end
|
||
users being expected to compile extension modules from source as part of
|
||
the installation process.</p>
|
||
<p>With the introduction of support for the binary <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wheel</span></code> format, and the
|
||
ability to publish wheels for at least Windows and macOS through the
|
||
Python Package Index, this problem is expected to diminish over time,
|
||
as users are more regularly able to install pre-built extensions rather
|
||
than needing to build them themselves.</p>
|
||
<p>Some of the solutions for installing <a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/science/">scientific software</a>
|
||
that are not yet available as pre-built <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wheel</span></code> files may also help with
|
||
obtaining other binary extensions without needing to build them locally.</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition seealso">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
|
||
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/extensions/">Python Packaging User Guide: Binary Extensions</a></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
|
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<div>
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<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
|
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<ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Installing Python Modules</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#key-terms">Key terms</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-usage">Basic usage</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#how-do-i">How do I …?</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#install-pip-in-versions-of-python-prior-to-python-3-4">… install <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> in versions of Python prior to Python 3.4?</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#install-packages-just-for-the-current-user">… install packages just for the current user?</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#install-scientific-python-packages">… install scientific Python packages?</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#work-with-multiple-versions-of-python-installed-in-parallel">… work with multiple versions of Python installed in parallel?</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#common-installation-issues">Common installation issues</a><ul>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-into-the-system-python-on-linux">Installing into the system Python on Linux</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pip-not-installed">Pip not installed</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-binary-extensions">Installing binary extensions</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
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<h4>Previous topic</h4>
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<p class="topless"><a href="../c-api/monitoring.html"
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title="previous chapter">Monitoring C API</a></p>
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<h4>Next topic</h4>
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Last updated on Apr 08, 2025 (14:33 UTC).
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