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<section id="appendix">
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<span id="tut-appendix"></span><h1><span class="section-number">16. </span>Appendix<a class="headerlink" href="#appendix" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<section id="interactive-mode">
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<span id="tut-interac"></span><h2><span class="section-number">16.1. </span>Interactive Mode<a class="headerlink" href="#interactive-mode" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>There are two variants of the interactive <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-REPL"><span class="xref std std-term">REPL</span></a>. The classic
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basic interpreter is supported on all platforms with minimal line
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control capabilities.</p>
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<p>On Windows, or Unix-like systems with <a class="reference internal" href="../library/curses.html#module-curses" title="curses: An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling. (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses</span></code></a> support,
|
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a new interactive shell is used by default.
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This one supports color, multiline editing, history browsing, and
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paste mode. To disable color, see <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#using-on-controlling-color"><span class="std std-ref">Controlling color</span></a> for
|
||
details. Function keys provide some additional functionality.
|
||
<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">F1</kbd> enters the interactive help browser <a class="reference internal" href="../library/pydoc.html#module-pydoc" title="pydoc: Documentation generator and online help system."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code></a>.
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<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">F2</kbd> allows for browsing command-line history with neither output nor the
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-0"><span class="xref std std-term">>>></span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-..."><span class="xref std std-term">…</span></a> prompts. <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">F3</kbd> enters “paste mode”, which
|
||
makes pasting larger blocks of code easier. Press <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">F3</kbd> to return to
|
||
the regular prompt.</p>
|
||
<p>When using the new interactive shell, exit the shell by typing <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">exit</kbd>
|
||
or <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">quit</kbd>. Adding call parentheses after those commands is not
|
||
required.</p>
|
||
<p>If the new interactive shell is not desired, it can be disabled via
|
||
the <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHON_BASIC_REPL"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHON_BASIC_REPL</span></code></a> environment variable.</p>
|
||
<section id="error-handling">
|
||
<span id="tut-error"></span><h3><span class="section-number">16.1.1. </span>Error Handling<a class="headerlink" href="#error-handling" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>When an error occurs, the interpreter prints an error message and a stack trace.
|
||
In interactive mode, it then returns to the primary prompt; when input came from
|
||
a file, it exits with a nonzero exit status after printing the stack trace.
|
||
(Exceptions handled by an <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#except"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">except</span></code></a> clause in a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#try"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">try</span></code></a> statement
|
||
are not errors in this context.) Some errors are unconditionally fatal and
|
||
cause an exit with a nonzero exit status; this applies to internal inconsistencies and
|
||
some cases of running out of memory. All error messages are written to the
|
||
standard error stream; normal output from executed commands is written to
|
||
standard output.</p>
|
||
<p>Typing the interrupt character (usually <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control</kbd>-<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">C</kbd> or <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Delete</kbd>) to the primary or
|
||
secondary prompt cancels the input and returns to the primary prompt. <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id2" id="id1" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a>
|
||
Typing an interrupt while a command is executing raises the
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#KeyboardInterrupt" title="KeyboardInterrupt"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyboardInterrupt</span></code></a> exception, which may be handled by a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#try"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">try</span></code></a>
|
||
statement.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="executable-python-scripts">
|
||
<span id="tut-scripts"></span><h3><span class="section-number">16.1.2. </span>Executable Python Scripts<a class="headerlink" href="#executable-python-scripts" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>On BSD’ish Unix systems, Python scripts can be made directly executable, like
|
||
shell scripts, by putting the line</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>(assuming that the interpreter is on the user’s <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PATH</span></code>) at the beginning
|
||
of the script and giving the file an executable mode. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#!</span></code> must be the
|
||
first two characters of the file. On some platforms, this first line must end
|
||
with a Unix-style line ending (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\n'</span></code>), not a Windows (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\r\n'</span></code>) line
|
||
ending. Note that the hash, or pound, character, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'#'</span></code>, is used to start a
|
||
comment in Python.</p>
|
||
<p>The script can be given an executable mode, or permission, using the
|
||
<strong class="program">chmod</strong> command.</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>chmod<span class="w"> </span>+x<span class="w"> </span>myscript.py
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>On Windows systems, there is no notion of an “executable mode”. The Python
|
||
installer automatically associates <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.py</span></code> files with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python.exe</span></code> so that
|
||
a double-click on a Python file will run it as a script. The extension can
|
||
also be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyw</span></code>, in that case, the console window that normally appears is
|
||
suppressed.</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="the-interactive-startup-file">
|
||
<span id="tut-startup"></span><h3><span class="section-number">16.1.3. </span>The Interactive Startup File<a class="headerlink" href="#the-interactive-startup-file" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>When you use Python interactively, it is frequently handy to have some standard
|
||
commands executed every time the interpreter is started. You can do this by
|
||
setting an environment variable named <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONSTARTUP"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONSTARTUP</span></code></a> to the name of a
|
||
file containing your start-up commands. This is similar to the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.profile</span></code>
|
||
feature of the Unix shells.</p>
|
||
<p>This file is only read in interactive sessions, not when Python reads commands
|
||
from a script, and not when <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/dev/tty</span></code> is given as the explicit source of
|
||
commands (which otherwise behaves like an interactive session). It is executed
|
||
in the same namespace where interactive commands are executed, so that objects
|
||
that it defines or imports can be used without qualification in the interactive
|
||
session. You can also change the prompts <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.ps1</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.ps2</span></code> in this
|
||
file.</p>
|
||
<p>If you want to read an additional start-up file from the current directory, you
|
||
can program this in the global start-up file using code like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span>
|
||
<span class="pre">os.path.isfile('.pythonrc.py'):</span> <span class="pre">exec(open('.pythonrc.py').read())</span></code>.
|
||
If you want to use the startup file in a script, you must do this explicitly
|
||
in the script:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">os</span>
|
||
<span class="n">filename</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'PYTHONSTARTUP'</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">filename</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isfile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">):</span>
|
||
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">fobj</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||
<span class="n">startup_file</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fobj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="n">exec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">startup_file</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="the-customization-modules">
|
||
<span id="tut-customize"></span><h3><span class="section-number">16.1.4. </span>The Customization Modules<a class="headerlink" href="#the-customization-modules" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>Python provides two hooks to let you customize it: <span class="target" id="index-3"></span>sitecustomize and
|
||
<span class="target" id="index-4"></span>usercustomize. To see how it works, you need first to find the location
|
||
of your user site-packages directory. Start Python and run this code:</p>
|
||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">site</span>
|
||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">site</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getusersitepackages</span><span class="p">()</span>
|
||
<span class="go">'/home/user/.local/lib/python3.x/site-packages'</span>
|
||
</pre></div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>Now you can create a file named <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">usercustomize.py</span></code> in that directory and
|
||
put anything you want in it. It will affect every invocation of Python, unless
|
||
it is started with the <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-s"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-s</span></code></a> option to disable the automatic import.</p>
|
||
<p><span class="target" id="index-5"></span>sitecustomize works in the same way, but is typically created by an
|
||
administrator of the computer in the global site-packages directory, and is
|
||
imported before <span class="target" id="index-6"></span>usercustomize. See the documentation of the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/site.html#module-site" title="site: Module responsible for site-specific configuration."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site</span></code></a>
|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
||
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|
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|
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#executable-python-scripts">16.1.2. Executable Python Scripts</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-interactive-startup-file">16.1.3. The Interactive Startup File</a></li>
|
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-customization-modules">16.1.4. The Customization Modules</a></li>
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