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<section id="file-objects">
<span id="fileobjects"></span><h1>File Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#file-objects" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
<p id="index-0">These APIs are a minimal emulation of the Python 2 C API for built-in file
objects, which used to rely on the buffered I/O (<span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><span class="n">FILE</span><span class="p">*</span></span>) support
from the C standard library. In Python 3, files and streams use the new
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/io.html#module-io" title="io: Core tools for working with streams."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io</span></code></a> module, which defines several layers over the low-level unbuffered
I/O of the operating system. The functions described below are
convenience C wrappers over these new APIs, and meant mostly for internal
error reporting in the interpreter; third-party code is advised to access
the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/io.html#module-io" title="io: Core tools for working with streams."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io</span></code></a> APIs instead.</p>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFile_FromFd">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFile_FromFd</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">fd</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">mode</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">buffering</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">encoding</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">errors</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">newline</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">closefd</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFile_FromFd" title="Link to this definition"></a><br /></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount return_new_ref">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Create a Python file object from the file descriptor of an already
opened file <em>fd</em>. The arguments <em>name</em>, <em>encoding</em>, <em>errors</em> and <em>newline</em>
can be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> to use the defaults; <em>buffering</em> can be <em>-1</em> to use the
default. <em>name</em> is ignored and kept for backward compatibility. Return
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure. For a more comprehensive description of the arguments,
please refer to the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/io.html#io.open" title="io.open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io.open()</span></code></a> function documentation.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>Since Python streams have their own buffering layer, mixing them with
OS-level file descriptors can produce various issues (such as unexpected
ordering of data).</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.2: </span>Ignore <em>name</em> attribute.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyObject_AsFileDescriptor">
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject_AsFileDescriptor</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_AsFileDescriptor" title="Link to this definition"></a><br /></dt>
<dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return the file descriptor associated with <em>p</em> as an <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><span class="kt">int</span></span>. If the
object is an integer, its value is returned. If not, the
object’s <a class="reference internal" href="../library/io.html#io.IOBase.fileno" title="io.IOBase.fileno"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fileno()</span></code></a> method is called if it exists; the
method must return an integer, which is returned as the file descriptor
value. Sets an exception and returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> on failure.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFile_GetLine">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFile_GetLine</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">n</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFile_GetLine" title="Link to this definition"></a><br /></dt>
<dd><em class="refcount return_new_ref">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p id="index-1">Equivalent to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">p.readline([n])</span></code>, this function reads one line from the
object <em>p</em>. <em>p</em> may be a file object or any object with a
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/io.html#io.IOBase.readline" title="io.IOBase.readline"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline()</span></code></a>
method. If <em>n</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>, exactly one line is read, regardless of the length of
the line. If <em>n</em> is greater than <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>, no more than <em>n</em> bytes will be read
from the file; a partial line can be returned. In both cases, an empty string
is returned if the end of the file is reached immediately. If <em>n</em> is less than
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>, however, one line is read regardless of length, but <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#EOFError" title="EOFError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EOFError</span></code></a> is
raised if the end of the file is reached immediately.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFile_SetOpenCodeHook">
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFile_SetOpenCodeHook</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_OpenCodeHookFunction" title="Py_OpenCodeHookFunction"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_OpenCodeHookFunction</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">handler</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFile_SetOpenCodeHook" title="Link to this definition"></a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Overrides the normal behavior of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/io.html#io.open_code" title="io.open_code"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io.open_code()</span></code></a> to pass its parameter
through the provided handler.</p>
<p>The <em>handler</em> is a function of type:</p>
<dl class="c type">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.Py_OpenCodeHookFunction">
<span class="k"><span class="pre">typedef</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">(</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_OpenCodeHookFunction</span></span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">)</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">(</span></span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">,</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">void</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">)</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_OpenCodeHookFunction" title="Link to this definition"></a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Equivalent of <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">*</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="p">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="p">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">*</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">*</span><span class="n">userData</span><span class="p">)</span></span>, where <em>path</em> is guaranteed to be
<a class="reference internal" href="unicode.html#c.PyUnicodeObject" title="PyUnicodeObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyUnicodeObject</span></code></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>The <em>userData</em> pointer is passed into the hook function. Since hook
functions may be called from different runtimes, this pointer should not
refer directly to Python state.</p>
<p>As this hook is intentionally used during import, avoid importing new modules
during its execution unless they are known to be frozen or available in
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.modules</span></code>.</p>
<p>Once a hook has been set, it cannot be removed or replaced, and later calls to
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyFile_SetOpenCodeHook" title="PyFile_SetOpenCodeHook"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyFile_SetOpenCodeHook()</span></code></a> will fail. On failure, the function returns
-1 and sets an exception if the interpreter has been initialized.</p>
<p>This function is safe to call before <a class="reference internal" href="init.html#c.Py_Initialize" title="Py_Initialize"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_Initialize()</span></code></a>.</p>
<p class="audit-hook">Raises an <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#auditing"><span class="std std-ref">auditing event</span></a> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setopencodehook</span></code> with no arguments.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.8.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFile_WriteObject">
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFile_WriteObject</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">flags</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFile_WriteObject" title="Link to this definition"></a><br /></dt>
<dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p id="index-2">Write object <em>obj</em> to file object <em>p</em>. The only supported flag for <em>flags</em> is
<a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.Py_PRINT_RAW" title="Py_PRINT_RAW"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_PRINT_RAW</span></code></a>; if given, the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str()</span></code></a> of the object is written
instead of the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#repr" title="repr"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code></a>. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> on failure; the
appropriate exception will be set.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFile_WriteString">
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFile_WriteString</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">s</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFile_WriteString" title="Link to this definition"></a><br /></dt>
<dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Write string <em>s</em> to file object <em>p</em>. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> on
failure; the appropriate exception will be set.</p>
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