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<section id="floating-point-objects">
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<span id="floatobjects"></span><h1>Floating-Point Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#floating-point-objects" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<dl class="c type" id="index-0">
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<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFloatObject">
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<span class="k"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFloatObject</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFloatObject" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
|
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<dd><p>This subtype of <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></code></a> represents a Python floating-point object.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="c var">
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<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFloat_Type">
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<a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFloat_Type</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFloat_Type" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
|
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<dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>This instance of <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></code></a> represents the Python floating-point
|
||
type. This is the same object as <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#float" title="float"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code></a> in the Python layer.</p>
|
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="c function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFloat_Check">
|
||
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFloat_Check</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFloat_Check" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return true if its argument is a <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyFloatObject" title="PyFloatObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyFloatObject</span></code></a> or a subtype of
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyFloatObject" title="PyFloatObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyFloatObject</span></code></a>. This function always succeeds.</p>
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</dd></dl>
|
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<dl class="c function">
|
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<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFloat_CheckExact">
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||
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFloat_CheckExact</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFloat_CheckExact" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return true if its argument is a <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyFloatObject" title="PyFloatObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyFloatObject</span></code></a>, but not a subtype of
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyFloatObject" title="PyFloatObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyFloatObject</span></code></a>. This function always succeeds.</p>
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</dd></dl>
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<dl class="c function">
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<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFloat_FromString">
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||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFloat_FromString</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">str</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFloat_FromString" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount return_new_ref">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Create a <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyFloatObject" title="PyFloatObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyFloatObject</span></code></a> object based on the string value in <em>str</em>, or
|
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
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<dl class="c function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFloat_FromDouble">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFloat_FromDouble</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">double</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">v</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFloat_FromDouble" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount return_new_ref">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Create a <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyFloatObject" title="PyFloatObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyFloatObject</span></code></a> object from <em>v</em>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> on failure.</p>
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</dd></dl>
|
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|
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<dl class="c function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFloat_AsDouble">
|
||
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">double</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFloat_AsDouble</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">pyfloat</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFloat_AsDouble" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return a C <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><span class="kt">double</span></span> representation of the contents of <em>pyfloat</em>. If
|
||
<em>pyfloat</em> is not a Python floating-point object but has a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__float__" title="object.__float__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__float__()</span></code></a>
|
||
method, this method will first be called to convert <em>pyfloat</em> into a float.
|
||
If <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__float__()</span></code> is not defined then it falls back to <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__index__" title="object.__index__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__index__()</span></code></a>.
|
||
This method returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1.0</span></code> upon failure, so one should call
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#c.PyErr_Occurred" title="PyErr_Occurred"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyErr_Occurred()</span></code></a> to check for errors.</p>
|
||
<div class="versionchanged">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.8: </span>Use <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__index__" title="object.__index__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__index__()</span></code></a> if available.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="c function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE">
|
||
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">double</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">pyfloat</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Return a C <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><span class="kt">double</span></span> representation of the contents of <em>pyfloat</em>, but
|
||
without error checking.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="c function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFloat_GetInfo">
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFloat_GetInfo</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">void</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFloat_GetInfo" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="refcount return_new_ref">Return value: New reference.</em><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return a structseq instance which contains information about the
|
||
precision, minimum and maximum values of a float. It’s a thin wrapper
|
||
around the header file <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float.h</span></code>.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="c function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFloat_GetMax">
|
||
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">double</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFloat_GetMax</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFloat_GetMax" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return the maximum representable finite float <em>DBL_MAX</em> as C <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><span class="kt">double</span></span>.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="c function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFloat_GetMin">
|
||
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">double</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFloat_GetMin</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFloat_GetMin" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
|
||
<dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Return the minimum normalized positive float <em>DBL_MIN</em> as C <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><span class="kt">double</span></span>.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<section id="pack-and-unpack-functions">
|
||
<h2>Pack and Unpack functions<a class="headerlink" href="#pack-and-unpack-functions" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>The pack and unpack functions provide an efficient platform-independent way to
|
||
store floating-point values as byte strings. The Pack routines produce a bytes
|
||
string from a C <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><span class="kt">double</span></span>, and the Unpack routines produce a C
|
||
<span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><span class="kt">double</span></span> from such a bytes string. The suffix (2, 4 or 8) specifies the
|
||
number of bytes in the bytes string.</p>
|
||
<p>On platforms that appear to use IEEE 754 formats these functions work by
|
||
copying bits. On other platforms, the 2-byte format is identical to the IEEE
|
||
754 binary16 half-precision format, the 4-byte format (32-bit) is identical to
|
||
the IEEE 754 binary32 single precision format, and the 8-byte format to the
|
||
IEEE 754 binary64 double precision format, although the packing of INFs and
|
||
NaNs (if such things exist on the platform) isn’t handled correctly, and
|
||
attempting to unpack a bytes string containing an IEEE INF or NaN will raise an
|
||
exception.</p>
|
||
<p>On non-IEEE platforms with more precision, or larger dynamic range, than IEEE
|
||
754 supports, not all values can be packed; on non-IEEE platforms with less
|
||
precision, or smaller dynamic range, not all values can be unpacked. What
|
||
happens in such cases is partly accidental (alas).</p>
|
||
<div class="versionadded">
|
||
<p><span class="versionmodified added">Added in version 3.11.</span></p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<section id="pack-functions">
|
||
<h3>Pack functions<a class="headerlink" href="#pack-functions" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>The pack routines write 2, 4 or 8 bytes, starting at <em>p</em>. <em>le</em> is an
|
||
<span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><span class="kt">int</span></span> argument, non-zero if you want the bytes string in little-endian
|
||
format (exponent last, at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">p+1</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">p+3</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">p+6</span></code> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">p+7</span></code>), zero if you
|
||
want big-endian format (exponent first, at <em>p</em>). The <code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PY_BIG_ENDIAN</span></code>
|
||
constant can be used to use the native endian: it is equal to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> on big
|
||
endian processor, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on little endian processor.</p>
|
||
<p>Return value: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> if all is OK, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> if error (and an exception is set,
|
||
most likely <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#OverflowError" title="OverflowError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OverflowError</span></code></a>).</p>
|
||
<p>There are two problems on non-IEEE platforms:</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p>What this does is undefined if <em>x</em> is a NaN or infinity.</p></li>
|
||
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-0.0</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">+0.0</span></code> produce the same bytes string.</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<dl class="c function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFloat_Pack2">
|
||
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFloat_Pack2</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">double</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">unsigned</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">le</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFloat_Pack2" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Pack a C double as the IEEE 754 binary16 half-precision format.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="c function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFloat_Pack4">
|
||
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFloat_Pack4</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">double</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">unsigned</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">le</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFloat_Pack4" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Pack a C double as the IEEE 754 binary32 single precision format.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="c function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFloat_Pack8">
|
||
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFloat_Pack8</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">double</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">unsigned</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">le</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFloat_Pack8" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Pack a C double as the IEEE 754 binary64 double precision format.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="unpack-functions">
|
||
<h3>Unpack functions<a class="headerlink" href="#unpack-functions" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||
<p>The unpack routines read 2, 4 or 8 bytes, starting at <em>p</em>. <em>le</em> is an
|
||
<span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><span class="kt">int</span></span> argument, non-zero if the bytes string is in little-endian format
|
||
(exponent last, at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">p+1</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">p+3</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">p+6</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">p+7</span></code>), zero if big-endian
|
||
(exponent first, at <em>p</em>). The <code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PY_BIG_ENDIAN</span></code> constant can be used to
|
||
use the native endian: it is equal to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> on big endian processor, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>
|
||
on little endian processor.</p>
|
||
<p>Return value: The unpacked double. On error, this is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1.0</span></code> and
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#c.PyErr_Occurred" title="PyErr_Occurred"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyErr_Occurred()</span></code></a> is true (and an exception is set, most likely
|
||
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#OverflowError" title="OverflowError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OverflowError</span></code></a>).</p>
|
||
<p>Note that on a non-IEEE platform this will refuse to unpack a bytes string that
|
||
represents a NaN or infinity.</p>
|
||
<dl class="c function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFloat_Unpack2">
|
||
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">double</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFloat_Unpack2</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">unsigned</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">le</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFloat_Unpack2" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Unpack the IEEE 754 binary16 half-precision format as a C double.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="c function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFloat_Unpack4">
|
||
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">double</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFloat_Unpack4</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">unsigned</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">le</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFloat_Unpack4" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Unpack the IEEE 754 binary32 single precision format as a C double.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
<dl class="c function">
|
||
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFloat_Unpack8">
|
||
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">double</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyFloat_Unpack8</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">unsigned</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">p</span></span>, <span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">le</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFloat_Unpack8" title="Link to this definition">¶</a><br /></dt>
|
||
<dd><p>Unpack the IEEE 754 binary64 double precision format as a C double.</p>
|
||
</dd></dl>
|
||
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</section>
|
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|
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|
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pack-and-unpack-functions">Pack and Unpack functions</a><ul>
|
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#pack-functions">Pack functions</a></li>
|
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|
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|
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