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<section id="the-python-tutorial">
<span id="tutorial-index"></span><h1>The Python Tutorial<a class="headerlink" href="#the-python-tutorial" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
<p>Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient
high-level data structures and a simple but effective approach to
object-oriented programming. Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic typing,
together with its interpreted nature, make it an ideal language for scripting
and rapid application development in many areas on most platforms.</p>
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<a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/">https://www.python.org/</a>, and may be freely distributed. The same site also
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programs and tools, and additional documentation.</p>
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suitable as an extension language for customizable applications.</p>
<p>This tutorial introduces the reader informally to the basic concepts and
features of the Python language and system. It helps to have a Python
interpreter handy for hands-on experience, but all examples are self-contained,
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<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/index.html#reference-index"><span class="std std-ref">The Python Language Reference</span></a> gives a more formal definition of the language. To write
extensions in C or C++, read <a class="reference internal" href="../extending/index.html#extending-index"><span class="std std-ref">Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter</span></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/index.html#c-api-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python/C API Reference Manual</span></a>. There are also several books covering Python in depth.</p>
<p>This tutorial does not attempt to be comprehensive and cover every single
feature, or even every commonly used feature. Instead, it introduces many of
Python’s most noteworthy features, and will give you a good idea of the
language’s flavor and style. After reading it, you will be able to read and
write Python modules and programs, and you will be ready to learn more about the
various Python library modules described in <a class="reference internal" href="../library/index.html#library-index"><span class="std std-ref">The Python Standard Library</span></a>.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#glossary"><span class="std std-ref">Glossary</span></a> is also worth going through.</p>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="interpreter.html#argument-passing">2.1.1. Argument Passing</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#using-lists-as-stacks">5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#using-lists-as-queues">5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#list-comprehensions">5.1.3. List Comprehensions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#nested-list-comprehensions">5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#the-del-statement">5.2. The <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span></code> statement</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#tuples-and-sequences">5.3. Tuples and Sequences</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#sets">5.4. Sets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#dictionaries">5.5. Dictionaries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#looping-techniques">5.6. Looping Techniques</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#more-on-conditions">5.7. More on Conditions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datastructures.html#comparing-sequences-and-other-types">5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#executing-modules-as-scripts">6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#the-module-search-path">6.1.2. The Module Search Path</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#compiled-python-files">6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#standard-modules">6.2. Standard Modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#the-dir-function">6.3. The <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dir()</span></code> Function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#packages">6.4. Packages</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#importing-from-a-package">6.4.1. Importing * From a Package</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#intra-package-references">6.4.2. Intra-package References</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html#packages-in-multiple-directories">6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#fancier-output-formatting">7.1. Fancier Output Formatting</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#formatted-string-literals">7.1.1. Formatted String Literals</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#the-string-format-method">7.1.2. The String format() Method</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#manual-string-formatting">7.1.3. Manual String Formatting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#old-string-formatting">7.1.4. Old string formatting</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#reading-and-writing-files">7.2. Reading and Writing Files</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#methods-of-file-objects">7.2.1. Methods of File Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="inputoutput.html#saving-structured-data-with-json">7.2.2. Saving structured data with <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">8. Errors and Exceptions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#syntax-errors">8.1. Syntax Errors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#exceptions">8.2. Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#handling-exceptions">8.3. Handling Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#raising-exceptions">8.4. Raising Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#exception-chaining">8.5. Exception Chaining</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#user-defined-exceptions">8.6. User-defined Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#defining-clean-up-actions">8.7. Defining Clean-up Actions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#predefined-clean-up-actions">8.8. Predefined Clean-up Actions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#raising-and-handling-multiple-unrelated-exceptions">8.9. Raising and Handling Multiple Unrelated Exceptions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html#enriching-exceptions-with-notes">8.10. Enriching Exceptions with Notes</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html">9. Classes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#a-word-about-names-and-objects">9.1. A Word About Names and Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#python-scopes-and-namespaces">9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#scopes-and-namespaces-example">9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#a-first-look-at-classes">9.3. A First Look at Classes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#class-definition-syntax">9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="classes.html#class-objects">9.3.2. Class Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="appendix.html#executable-python-scripts">16.1.2. Executable Python Scripts</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="appendix.html#the-customization-modules">16.1.4. The Customization Modules</a></li>
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