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<section id="the-initialization-of-the-sys-path-module-search-path">
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<span id="sys-path-init"></span><h1>The initialization of the <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a> module search path<a class="headerlink" href="#the-initialization-of-the-sys-path-module-search-path" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<p>A module search path is initialized when Python starts. This module search path
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||
may be accessed at <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a>.</p>
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<p>The first entry in the module search path is the directory that contains the
|
||
input script, if there is one. Otherwise, the first entry is the current
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directory, which is the case when executing the interactive shell, a <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-c</span></code></a>
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command, or <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-m"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span></code></a> module.</p>
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||
<p>The <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONPATH"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONPATH</span></code></a> environment variable is often used to add directories
|
||
to the search path. If this environment variable is found then the contents are
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||
added to the module search path.</p>
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||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||
<p><span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONPATH"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONPATH</span></code></a> will affect all installed Python versions/environments.
|
||
Be wary of setting this in your shell profile or global environment variables.
|
||
The <a class="reference internal" href="site.html#module-site" title="site: Module responsible for site-specific configuration."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site</span></code></a> module offers more nuanced techniques as mentioned below.</p>
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||
</div>
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||
<p>The next items added are the directories containing standard Python modules as
|
||
well as any <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-extension-module"><span class="xref std std-term">extension module</span></a>s that these modules depend on. Extension
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||
modules are <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.pyd</span></code> files on Windows and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.so</span></code> files on other platforms. The
|
||
directory with the platform-independent Python modules is called <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prefix</span></code>.
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||
The directory with the extension modules is called <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></code>.</p>
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<p>The <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONHOME"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONHOME</span></code></a> environment variable may be used to set the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prefix</span></code>
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and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></code> locations. Otherwise these directories are found by using
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the Python executable as a starting point and then looking for various ‘landmark’
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files and directories. Note that any symbolic links are followed so the real
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Python executable location is used as the search starting point. The Python
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executable location is called <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">home</span></code>.</p>
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||
<p>Once <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">home</span></code> is determined, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prefix</span></code> directory is found by first looking
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||
for <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span><em><span class="pre">majorversion</span></em><em><span class="pre">minorversion</span></em><span class="pre">.zip</span></code> (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python311.zip</span></code>). On Windows
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||
the zip archive is searched for in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">home</span></code> and on Unix the archive is expected
|
||
to be in <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib</span></code>. Note that the expected zip archive location is added to the
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||
module search path even if the archive does not exist. If no archive was found,
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||
Python on Windows will continue the search for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prefix</span></code> by looking for <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Lib\os.py</span></code>.
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Python on Unix will look for <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib/python</span><em><span class="pre">majorversion</span></em><span class="pre">.</span><em><span class="pre">minorversion</span></em><span class="pre">/os.py</span></code>
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(<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib/python3.11/os.py</span></code>). On Windows <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prefix</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></code> are the same,
|
||
however on other platforms <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib/python</span><em><span class="pre">majorversion</span></em><span class="pre">.</span><em><span class="pre">minorversion</span></em><span class="pre">/lib-dynload</span></code>
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||
(<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib/python3.11/lib-dynload</span></code>) is searched for and used as an anchor for
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||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></code>. On some platforms <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib</span></code> may be <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lib64</span></code> or another value,
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||
see <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.platlibdir" title="sys.platlibdir"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.platlibdir</span></code></a> and <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONPLATLIBDIR"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONPLATLIBDIR</span></code></a>.</p>
|
||
<p>Once found, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prefix</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></code> are available at <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.prefix" title="sys.prefix"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.prefix</span></code></a> and
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||
<a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.exec_prefix" title="sys.exec_prefix"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.exec_prefix</span></code></a> respectively.</p>
|
||
<p>Finally, the <a class="reference internal" href="site.html#module-site" title="site: Module responsible for site-specific configuration."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site</span></code></a> module is processed and <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site-packages</span></code> directories
|
||
are added to the module search path. A common way to customize the search path is
|
||
to create <a class="reference internal" href="site.html#module-sitecustomize" title="sitecustomize"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sitecustomize</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="site.html#module-usercustomize" title="usercustomize"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">usercustomize</span></code></a> modules as described in
|
||
the <a class="reference internal" href="site.html#module-site" title="site: Module responsible for site-specific configuration."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site</span></code></a> module documentation.</p>
|
||
<div class="admonition note">
|
||
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
|
||
<p>Certain command line options may further affect path calculations.
|
||
See <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-E"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-E</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-I"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-I</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-s"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-s</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-S"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-S</span></code></a> for further details.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<section id="virtual-environments">
|
||
<h2>Virtual environments<a class="headerlink" href="#virtual-environments" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>If Python is run in a virtual environment (as described at <a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/venv.html#tut-venv"><span class="std std-ref">Virtual Environments and Packages</span></a>)
|
||
then <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prefix</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></code> are specific to the virtual environment.</p>
|
||
<p>If a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pyvenv.cfg</span></code> file is found alongside the main executable, or in the
|
||
directory one level above the executable, the following variations apply:</p>
|
||
<ul class="simple">
|
||
<li><p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">home</span></code> is an absolute path and <span class="target" id="index-4"></span><a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#envvar-PYTHONHOME"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PYTHONHOME</span></code></a> is not set, this
|
||
path is used instead of the path to the main executable when deducing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">prefix</span></code>
|
||
and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exec_prefix</span></code>.</p></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="pth-files">
|
||
<h2>_pth files<a class="headerlink" href="#pth-files" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>To completely override <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a> create a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">._pth</span></code> file with the same
|
||
name as the shared library or executable (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python._pth</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python311._pth</span></code>).
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The shared library path is always known on Windows, however it may not be
|
||
available on other platforms. In the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">._pth</span></code> file specify one line for each path
|
||
to add to <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a>. The file based on the shared library name overrides
|
||
the one based on the executable, which allows paths to be restricted for any
|
||
program loading the runtime if desired.</p>
|
||
<p>When the file exists, all registry and environment variables are ignored,
|
||
isolated mode is enabled, and <a class="reference internal" href="site.html#module-site" title="site: Module responsible for site-specific configuration."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site</span></code></a> is not imported unless one line in the
|
||
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