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<section id="numeric-and-mathematical-modules">
<span id="numeric"></span><h1>Numeric and Mathematical Modules<a class="headerlink" href="#numeric-and-mathematical-modules" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
<p>The modules described in this chapter provide numeric and math-related functions
and data types. The <a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html#module-numbers" title="numbers: Numeric abstract base classes (Complex, Real, Integral, etc.)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numbers</span></code></a> module defines an abstract hierarchy of
numeric types. The <a class="reference internal" href="math.html#module-math" title="math: Mathematical functions (sin() etc.)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="cmath.html#module-cmath" title="cmath: Mathematical functions for complex numbers."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmath</span></code></a> modules contain various
mathematical functions for floating-point and complex numbers. The <a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#module-decimal" title="decimal: Implementation of the General Decimal Arithmetic Specification."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code></a>
module supports exact representations of decimal numbers, using arbitrary precision
arithmetic.</p>
<p>The following modules are documented in this chapter:</p>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html#adding-more-numeric-abcs">Adding More Numeric ABCs</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cmath.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmath</span></code> — Mathematical functions for complex numbers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmath.html#conversions-to-and-from-polar-coordinates">Conversions to and from polar coordinates</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code> — Decimal fixed-point and floating-point arithmetic</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#mitigating-round-off-error-with-increased-precision">Mitigating round-off error with increased precision</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html#working-with-threads">Working with threads</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="fractions.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fractions</span></code> — Rational numbers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="random.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">random</span></code> — Generate pseudo-random numbers</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="statistics.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">statistics</span></code> — Mathematical statistics functions</a><ul>
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