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<section id="internet-protocols-and-support">
<span id="internet"></span><h1>Internet Protocols and Support<a class="headerlink" href="#internet-protocols-and-support" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
<p id="index-1"><span id="index-0"></span>The modules described in this chapter implement internet protocols and support
for related technology. They are all implemented in Python. Most of these
modules require the presence of the system-dependent module <a class="reference internal" href="socket.html#module-socket" title="socket: Low-level networking interface."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socket</span></code></a>, which
is currently supported on most popular platforms. Here is an overview:</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="webbrowser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code> — Convenient web-browser controller</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="webbrowser.html#browser-controller-objects">Browser Controller Objects</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref</span></code> — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.util"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.util</span></code> WSGI environment utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.headers"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.headers</span></code> WSGI response header tools</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.simple_server"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.simple_server</span></code> a simple WSGI HTTP server</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.validate"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.validate</span></code> — WSGI conformance checker</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.handlers"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.handlers</span></code> server/gateway base classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#module-wsgiref.types"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref.types</span></code> WSGI types for static type checking</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code> — URL handling modules</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></code> — Extensible library for opening URLs</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#request-objects">Request Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#openerdirector-objects">OpenerDirector Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#proxyhandler-objects">ProxyHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httppasswordmgr-objects">HTTPPasswordMgr Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httppasswordmgrwithpriorauth-objects">HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#abstractbasicauthhandler-objects">AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httpbasicauthhandler-objects">HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#proxybasicauthhandler-objects">ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#abstractdigestauthhandler-objects">AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httpdigestauthhandler-objects">HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#httperrorprocessor-objects">HTTPErrorProcessor Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#legacy-interface">Legacy interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#urllib-request-restrictions"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.request</span></code> Restrictions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#module-urllib.response"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.response</span></code> — Response classes used by urllib</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.parse</span></code> — Parse URLs into components</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.error.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.error</span></code> — Exception classes raised by urllib.request</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.robotparser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib.robotparser</span></code> — Parser for robots.txt</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http</span></code> — HTTP modules</a><ul>
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</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.client</span></code> — HTTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html#httpconnection-objects">HTTPConnection Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html#httpresponse-objects">HTTPResponse Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html#examples">Examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html#httpmessage-objects">HTTPMessage Objects</a></li>
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</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ftplib</span></code> — FTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html#reference">Reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html#ftp-objects">FTP objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html#ftp-tls-objects">FTP_TLS objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html#module-variables">Module variables</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">poplib</span></code> — POP3 protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html#pop3-objects">POP3 Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html#pop3-example">POP3 Example</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code> — IMAP4 protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html#imap4-objects">IMAP4 Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html#imap4-example">IMAP4 Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code> — SMTP protocol client</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#smtp-objects">SMTP Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#smtp-example">SMTP Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="uuid.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code> — UUID objects according to <strong>RFC 4122</strong></a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uuid.html#command-line-usage">Command-Line Usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uuid.html#example">Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uuid.html#command-line-example">Command-Line Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socketserver</span></code> — A framework for network servers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#server-creation-notes">Server Creation Notes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#server-objects">Server Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#request-handler-objects">Request Handler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#examples">Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#socketserver-tcpserver-example"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socketserver.TCPServer</span></code> Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#socketserver-udpserver-example"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socketserver.UDPServer</span></code> Example</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html#asynchronous-mixins">Asynchronous Mixins</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.server.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.server</span></code> — HTTP servers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.server.html#command-line-interface">Command-line interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.server.html#security-considerations">Security considerations</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookies.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.cookies</span></code> — HTTP state management</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookies.html#example">Example</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">http.cookiejar</span></code> — Cookie handling for HTTP clients</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#cookiejar-and-filecookiejar-objects">CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#filecookiejar-subclasses-and-co-operation-with-web-browsers">FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html#cookiepolicy-objects">CookiePolicy Objects</a></li>
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