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<section id="module-email">
<span id="email-an-email-and-mime-handling-package"></span><h1><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code> — An email and MIME handling package<a class="headerlink" href="#module-email" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.13/Lib/email/__init__.py">Lib/email/__init__.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> package is a library for managing email messages. It is
specifically <em>not</em> designed to do any sending of email messages to SMTP
(<span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2821.html"><strong>RFC 2821</strong></a>), NNTP, or other servers; those are functions of modules such as
<a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#module-smtplib" title="smtplib: SMTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code></a>. The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> package attempts to be as
RFC-compliant as possible, supporting <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322.html"><strong>RFC 5322</strong></a> and <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6532.html"><strong>RFC 6532</strong></a>, as well as
such MIME-related RFCs as <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2045.html"><strong>RFC 2045</strong></a>, <span class="target" id="index-4"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2046.html"><strong>RFC 2046</strong></a>, <span class="target" id="index-5"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2047.html"><strong>RFC 2047</strong></a>, <span class="target" id="index-6"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2183.html"><strong>RFC 2183</strong></a>,
and <span class="target" id="index-7"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2231.html"><strong>RFC 2231</strong></a>.</p>
<p>The overall structure of the email package can be divided into three major
components, plus a fourth component that controls the behavior of the other
components.</p>
<p>The central component of the package is an “object model” that represents email
messages. An application interacts with the package primarily through the
object model interface defined in the <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#module-email.message" title="email.message: The base class representing email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">message</span></code></a> sub-module. The
application can use this API to ask questions about an existing email, to
construct a new email, or to add or remove email subcomponents that themselves
use the same object model interface. That is, following the nature of email
messages and their MIME subcomponents, the email object model is a tree
structure of objects that all provide the <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a>
API.</p>
<p>The other two major components of the package are the <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a> and
the <a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generator</span></code></a>. The parser takes the serialized version of an
email message (a stream of bytes) and converts it into a tree of
<a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> objects. The generator takes an
<a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> and turns it back into a serialized byte
stream. (The parser and generator also handle streams of text characters, but
this usage is discouraged as it is too easy to end up with messages that are
not valid in one way or another.)</p>
<p>The control component is the <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a> module. Every
<a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a>, every <a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generator</span></code></a>, and every
<a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a> has an associated <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a> object that
controls its behavior. Usually an application only needs to specify the policy
when an <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> is created, either by directly
instantiating an <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a> to create a new email,
or by parsing an input stream using a <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a>. But the policy can
be changed when the message is serialized using a <a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generator</span></code></a>.
This allows, for example, a generic email message to be parsed from disk, but
to serialize it using standard SMTP settings when sending it to an email
server.</p>
<p>The email package does its best to hide the details of the various governing
RFCs from the application. Conceptually the application should be able to
treat the email message as a structured tree of unicode text and binary
attachments, without having to worry about how these are represented when
serialized. In practice, however, it is often necessary to be aware of at
least some of the rules governing MIME messages and their structure,
specifically the names and nature of the MIME “content types” and how they
identify multipart documents. For the most part this knowledge should only be
required for more complex applications, and even then it should only be the
high level structure in question, and not the details of how those structures
are represented. Since MIME content types are used widely in modern internet
software (not just email), this will be a familiar concept to many programmers.</p>
<p>The following sections describe the functionality of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> package.
We start with the <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#module-email.message" title="email.message: The base class representing email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">message</span></code></a> object model, which is the primary
interface an application will use, and follow that with the
<a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html#module-email.generator" title="email.generator: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">generator</span></code></a> components. Then we cover the
<a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#module-email.policy" title="email.policy: Controlling the parsing and generating of messages"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">policy</span></code></a> controls, which completes the treatment of the main
components of the library.</p>
<p>The next three sections cover the exceptions the package may raise and the
defects (non-compliance with the RFCs) that the <a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#module-email.parser" title="email.parser: Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code></a> may
detect. Then we cover the <a class="reference internal" href="email.headerregistry.html#module-email.headerregistry" title="email.headerregistry: Automatic Parsing of headers based on the field name"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">headerregistry</span></code></a> and the
<a class="reference internal" href="email.contentmanager.html#module-email.contentmanager" title="email.contentmanager: Storing and Retrieving Content from MIME Parts"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contentmanager</span></code></a> sub-components, which provide tools for doing more
detailed manipulation of headers and payloads, respectively. Both of these
components contain features relevant to consuming and producing non-trivial
messages, but also document their extensibility APIs, which will be of interest
to advanced applications.</p>
<p>Following those is a set of examples of using the fundamental parts of the APIs
covered in the preceding sections.</p>
<p>The foregoing represent the modern (unicode friendly) API of the email package.
The remaining sections, starting with the <a class="reference internal" href="email.compat32-message.html#email.message.Message" title="email.message.Message"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Message</span></code></a>
class, cover the legacy <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.compat32" title="email.policy.compat32"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code></a> API that deals much more
directly with the details of how email messages are represented. The
<a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.compat32" title="email.policy.compat32"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code></a> API does <em>not</em> hide the details of the RFCs from
the application, but for applications that need to operate at that level, they
can be useful tools. This documentation is also relevant for applications that
are still using the <a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.compat32" title="email.policy.compat32"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code></a> API for backward
compatibility reasons.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 3.6: </span>Docs reorganized and rewritten to promote the new
<a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.EmailMessage" title="email.message.EmailMessage"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailMessage</span></code></a>/<a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html#email.policy.EmailPolicy" title="email.policy.EmailPolicy"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EmailPolicy</span></code></a>
API.</p>
</div>
<p>Contents of the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email" title="email: Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code></a> package documentation:</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.message</span></code>: Representing an email message</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.parser</span></code>: Parsing email messages</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#feedparser-api">FeedParser API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#parser-api">Parser API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.parser.html#additional-notes">Additional notes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.generator.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.generator</span></code>: Generating MIME documents</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.policy.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.policy</span></code>: Policy Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.errors.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.errors</span></code>: Exception and Defect classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.headerregistry.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.headerregistry</span></code>: Custom Header Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.contentmanager.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.contentmanager</span></code>: Managing MIME Content</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.contentmanager.html#content-manager-instances">Content Manager Instances</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.examples.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code>: Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Legacy API:</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.compat32-message.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.message.Message</span></code>: Representing an email message using the <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat32</span></code> API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.mime.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.mime</span></code>: Creating email and MIME objects from scratch</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.header.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.header</span></code>: Internationalized headers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.charset.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.charset</span></code>: Representing character sets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.encoders.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.encoders</span></code>: Encoders</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.utils.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.utils</span></code>: Miscellaneous utilities</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="email.iterators.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.iterators</span></code>: Iterators</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html#module-smtplib" title="smtplib: SMTP protocol client (requires sockets)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) client</p>
</dd>
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<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="mailbox.html#module-mailbox" title="mailbox: Manipulate mailboxes in various formats"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mailbox</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Tools for creating, reading, and managing collections of messages on disk
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