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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#differences-between-unix-and-windows">5.2. Differences Between Unix and Windows</a></li>
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<section id="building-c-and-c-extensions-on-windows">
<span id="building-on-windows"></span><h1><span class="section-number">5. </span>Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows<a class="headerlink" href="#building-c-and-c-extensions-on-windows" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
<p>This chapter briefly explains how to create a Windows extension module for
Python using Microsoft Visual C++, and follows with more detailed background
information on how it works. The explanatory material is useful for both the
Windows programmer learning to build Python extensions and the Unix programmer
interested in producing software which can be successfully built on both Unix
and Windows.</p>
<p>Module authors are encouraged to use the distutils approach for building
extension modules, instead of the one described in this section. You will still
need the C compiler that was used to build Python; typically Microsoft Visual
C++.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>This chapter mentions a number of filenames that include an encoded Python
version number. These filenames are represented with the version number shown
as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">XY</span></code>; in practice, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'X'</span></code> will be the major version number and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'Y'</span></code>
will be the minor version number of the Python release you’re working with. For
example, if you are using Python 2.2.1, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">XY</span></code> will actually be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">22</span></code>.</p>
</div>
<section id="a-cookbook-approach">
<span id="win-cookbook"></span><h2><span class="section-number">5.1. </span>A Cookbook Approach<a class="headerlink" href="#a-cookbook-approach" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>There are two approaches to building extension modules on Windows, just as there
are on Unix: use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setuptools</span></code> package to control the build process, or
do things manually. The setuptools approach works well for most extensions;
documentation on using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">setuptools</span></code> to build and package extension modules
is available in <a class="reference internal" href="building.html#setuptools-index"><span class="std std-ref">Building C and C++ Extensions with setuptools</span></a>. If you find you really need to do
things manually, it may be instructive to study the project file for the
<a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.13/PCbuild/winsound.vcxproj">winsound</a> standard library module.</p>
</section>
<section id="differences-between-unix-and-windows">
<span id="dynamic-linking"></span><h2><span class="section-number">5.2. </span>Differences Between Unix and Windows<a class="headerlink" href="#differences-between-unix-and-windows" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Unix and Windows use completely different paradigms for run-time loading of
code. Before you try to build a module that can be dynamically loaded, be aware
of how your system works.</p>
<p>In Unix, a shared object (<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.so</span></code>) file contains code to be used by the
program, and also the names of functions and data that it expects to find in the
program. When the file is joined to the program, all references to those
functions and data in the file’s code are changed to point to the actual
locations in the program where the functions and data are placed in memory.
This is basically a link operation.</p>
<p>In Windows, a dynamic-link library (<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.dll</span></code>) file has no dangling
references. Instead, an access to functions or data goes through a lookup
table. So the DLL code does not have to be fixed up at runtime to refer to the
program’s memory; instead, the code already uses the DLL’s lookup table, and the
lookup table is modified at runtime to point to the functions and data.</p>
<p>In Unix, there is only one type of library file (<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.a</span></code>) which contains code
from several object files (<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.o</span></code>). During the link step to create a shared
object file (<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.so</span></code>), the linker may find that it doesn’t know where an
identifier is defined. The linker will look for it in the object files in the
libraries; if it finds it, it will include all the code from that object file.</p>
<p>In Windows, there are two types of library, a static library and an import
library (both called <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.lib</span></code>). A static library is like a Unix <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.a</span></code>
file; it contains code to be included as necessary. An import library is
basically used only to reassure the linker that a certain identifier is legal,
and will be present in the program when the DLL is loaded. So the linker uses
the information from the import library to build the lookup table for using
identifiers that are not included in the DLL. When an application or a DLL is
linked, an import library may be generated, which will need to be used for all
future DLLs that depend on the symbols in the application or DLL.</p>
<p>Suppose you are building two dynamic-load modules, B and C, which should share
another block of code A. On Unix, you would <em>not</em> pass <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A.a</span></code> to the
linker for <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">B.so</span></code> and <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">C.so</span></code>; that would cause it to be included
twice, so that B and C would each have their own copy. In Windows, building
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A.dll</span></code> will also build <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A.lib</span></code>. You <em>do</em> pass <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A.lib</span></code> to the
linker for B and C. <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A.lib</span></code> does not contain code; it just contains
information which will be used at runtime to access A’s code.</p>
<p>In Windows, using an import library is sort of like using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">spam</span></code>; it
gives you access to spam’s names, but does not create a separate copy. On Unix,
linking with a library is more like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">spam</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">*</span></code>; it does create a
separate copy.</p>
</section>
<section id="using-dlls-in-practice">
<span id="win-dlls"></span><h2><span class="section-number">5.3. </span>Using DLLs in Practice<a class="headerlink" href="#using-dlls-in-practice" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Windows Python is built in Microsoft Visual C++; using other compilers may or
may not work. The rest of this section is MSVC++ specific.</p>
<p>When creating DLLs in Windows, you must pass <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pythonXY.lib</span></code> to the linker.
To build two DLLs, spam and ni (which uses C functions found in spam), you could
use these commands:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">cl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">LD</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">I</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">python</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">spam</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">..</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">libs</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">pythonXY</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">lib</span>
<span class="n">cl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">LD</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">I</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">python</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ni</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">spam</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">lib</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">..</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">libs</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">pythonXY</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">lib</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The first command created three files: <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">spam.obj</span></code>, <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">spam.dll</span></code> and
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">spam.lib</span></code>. <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Spam.dll</span></code> does not contain any Python functions (such
as <a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/arg.html#c.PyArg_ParseTuple" title="PyArg_ParseTuple"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyArg_ParseTuple()</span></code></a>), but it does know how to find the Python code
thanks to <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pythonXY.lib</span></code>.</p>
<p>The second command created <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ni.dll</span></code> (and <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.obj</span></code> and <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.lib</span></code>),
which knows how to find the necessary functions from spam, and also from the
Python executable.</p>
<p>Not every identifier is exported to the lookup table. If you want any other
modules (including Python) to be able to see your identifiers, you have to say
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_declspec(dllexport)</span></code>, as in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">void</span> <span class="pre">_declspec(dllexport)</span> <span class="pre">initspam(void)</span></code> or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span> <span class="pre">_declspec(dllexport)</span> <span class="pre">*NiGetSpamData(void)</span></code>.</p>
<p>Developer Studio will throw in a lot of import libraries that you do not really
need, adding about 100K to your executable. To get rid of them, use the Project
Settings dialog, Link tab, to specify <em>ignore default libraries</em>. Add the
correct <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msvcrt</span><em><span class="pre">xx</span></em><span class="pre">.lib</span></code> to the list of libraries.</p>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">5. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-cookbook-approach">5.1. A Cookbook Approach</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#differences-between-unix-and-windows">5.2. Differences Between Unix and Windows</a></li>
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