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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#recommended-third-party-tools">Recommended third party tools</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-extensions-without-third-party-tools">Creating extensions without third party tools</a></li>
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<section id="extending-and-embedding-the-python-interpreter">
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<span id="extending-index"></span><h1>Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter<a class="headerlink" href="#extending-and-embedding-the-python-interpreter" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<p>This document describes how to write modules in C or C++ to extend the Python
|
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interpreter with new modules. Those modules can not only define new functions
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but also new object types and their methods. The document also describes how
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to embed the Python interpreter in another application, for use as an extension
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language. Finally, it shows how to compile and link extension modules so that
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they can be loaded dynamically (at run time) into the interpreter, if the
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underlying operating system supports this feature.</p>
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<p>This document assumes basic knowledge about Python. For an informal
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introduction to the language, see <a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/index.html#tutorial-index"><span class="std std-ref">The Python Tutorial</span></a>. <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/index.html#reference-index"><span class="std std-ref">The Python Language Reference</span></a>
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gives a more formal definition of the language. <a class="reference internal" href="../library/index.html#library-index"><span class="std std-ref">The Python Standard Library</span></a> documents
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the existing object types, functions and modules (both built-in and written in
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Python) that give the language its wide application range.</p>
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<p>For a detailed description of the whole Python/C API, see the separate
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<a class="reference internal" href="../c-api/index.html#c-api-index"><span class="std std-ref">Python/C API Reference Manual</span></a>.</p>
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<section id="recommended-third-party-tools">
|
||
<h2>Recommended third party tools<a class="headerlink" href="#recommended-third-party-tools" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>This guide only covers the basic tools for creating extensions provided
|
||
as part of this version of CPython. Third party tools like
|
||
<a class="reference external" href="https://cython.org/">Cython</a>, <a class="reference external" href="https://cffi.readthedocs.io">cffi</a>,
|
||
<a class="reference external" href="https://www.swig.org">SWIG</a> and <a class="reference external" href="https://numba.pydata.org/">Numba</a>
|
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offer both simpler and more sophisticated approaches to creating C and C++
|
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extensions for Python.</p>
|
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<div class="admonition seealso">
|
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<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
|
||
<dl class="simple">
|
||
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://packaging.python.org/guides/packaging-binary-extensions/">Python Packaging User Guide: Binary Extensions</a></dt><dd><p>The Python Packaging User Guide not only covers several available
|
||
tools that simplify the creation of binary extensions, but also
|
||
discusses the various reasons why creating an extension module may be
|
||
desirable in the first place.</p>
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||
</dd>
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||
</dl>
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||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="creating-extensions-without-third-party-tools">
|
||
<h2>Creating extensions without third party tools<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-extensions-without-third-party-tools" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>This section of the guide covers creating C and C++ extensions without
|
||
assistance from third party tools. It is intended primarily for creators
|
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of those tools, rather than being a recommended way to create your own
|
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C extensions.</p>
|
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<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
|
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<ul>
|
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html">1. Extending Python with C or C++</a><ul>
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#a-simple-example">1.1. A Simple Example</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#intermezzo-errors-and-exceptions">1.2. Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#back-to-the-example">1.3. Back to the Example</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#the-module-s-method-table-and-initialization-function">1.4. The Module’s Method Table and Initialization Function</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#compilation-and-linkage">1.5. Compilation and Linkage</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#calling-python-functions-from-c">1.6. Calling Python Functions from C</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#extracting-parameters-in-extension-functions">1.7. Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#keyword-parameters-for-extension-functions">1.8. Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#building-arbitrary-values">1.9. Building Arbitrary Values</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#reference-counts">1.10. Reference Counts</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#writing-extensions-in-c">1.11. Writing Extensions in C++</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="extending.html#providing-a-c-api-for-an-extension-module">1.12. Providing a C API for an Extension Module</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes_tutorial.html">2. Defining Extension Types: Tutorial</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes_tutorial.html#the-basics">2.1. The Basics</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes_tutorial.html#adding-data-and-methods-to-the-basic-example">2.2. Adding data and methods to the Basic example</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes_tutorial.html#providing-finer-control-over-data-attributes">2.3. Providing finer control over data attributes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes_tutorial.html#supporting-cyclic-garbage-collection">2.4. Supporting cyclic garbage collection</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes_tutorial.html#subclassing-other-types">2.5. Subclassing other types</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html">3. Defining Extension Types: Assorted Topics</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#finalization-and-de-allocation">3.1. Finalization and De-allocation</a></li>
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#object-presentation">3.2. Object Presentation</a></li>
|
||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#attribute-management">3.3. Attribute Management</a></li>
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#object-comparison">3.4. Object Comparison</a></li>
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#abstract-protocol-support">3.5. Abstract Protocol Support</a></li>
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#weak-reference-support">3.6. Weak Reference Support</a></li>
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="newtypes.html#more-suggestions">3.7. More Suggestions</a></li>
|
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</ul>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="building.html">4. Building C and C++ Extensions</a><ul>
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="building.html#building-c-and-c-extensions-with-setuptools">4.1. Building C and C++ Extensions with setuptools</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html">5. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows</a><ul>
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html#a-cookbook-approach">5.1. A Cookbook Approach</a></li>
|
||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html#differences-between-unix-and-windows">5.2. Differences Between Unix and Windows</a></li>
|
||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html#using-dlls-in-practice">5.3. Using DLLs in Practice</a></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section id="embedding-the-cpython-runtime-in-a-larger-application">
|
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<h2>Embedding the CPython runtime in a larger application<a class="headerlink" href="#embedding-the-cpython-runtime-in-a-larger-application" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||
<p>Sometimes, rather than creating an extension that runs inside the Python
|
||
interpreter as the main application, it is desirable to instead embed
|
||
the CPython runtime inside a larger application. This section covers
|
||
some of the details involved in doing that successfully.</p>
|
||
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
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<ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html">1. Embedding Python in Another Application</a><ul>
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#very-high-level-embedding">1.1. Very High Level Embedding</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#beyond-very-high-level-embedding-an-overview">1.2. Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#pure-embedding">1.3. Pure Embedding</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#extending-embedded-python">1.4. Extending Embedded Python</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#embedding-python-in-c">1.5. Embedding Python in C++</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="embedding.html#compiling-and-linking-under-unix-like-systems">1.6. Compiling and Linking under Unix-like systems</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</section>
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</section>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#recommended-third-party-tools">Recommended third party tools</a></li>
|
||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-extensions-without-third-party-tools">Creating extensions without third party tools</a></li>
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