Removed the Requirement to Install Python and NodeJS (Now Bundled with Borealis)
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">2. Using the Python Interpreter</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#invoking-the-interpreter">2.1. Invoking the Interpreter</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#argument-passing">2.1.1. Argument Passing</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#source-code-encoding">2.2.1. Source Code Encoding</a></li>
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<section id="using-the-python-interpreter">
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<span id="tut-using"></span><h1><span class="section-number">2. </span>Using the Python Interpreter<a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-python-interpreter" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
|
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<section id="invoking-the-interpreter">
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<span id="tut-invoking"></span><h2><span class="section-number">2.1. </span>Invoking the Interpreter<a class="headerlink" href="#invoking-the-interpreter" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>The Python interpreter is usually installed as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/local/bin/python3.13</span></code>
|
||||
on those machines where it is available; putting <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/local/bin</span></code> in your
|
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Unix shell’s search path makes it possible to start it by typing the command:</p>
|
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<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>python3.13
|
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</pre></div>
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</div>
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<p>to the shell. <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id2" id="id1" role="doc-noteref"><span class="fn-bracket">[</span>1<span class="fn-bracket">]</span></a> Since the choice of the directory where the interpreter lives
|
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is an installation option, other places are possible; check with your local
|
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Python guru or system administrator. (E.g., <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/usr/local/python</span></code> is a
|
||||
popular alternative location.)</p>
|
||||
<p>On Windows machines where you have installed Python from the <a class="reference internal" href="../using/windows.html#windows-store"><span class="std std-ref">Microsoft Store</span></a>, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python3.13</span></code> command will be available. If you have
|
||||
the <a class="reference internal" href="../using/windows.html#launcher"><span class="std std-ref">py.exe launcher</span></a> installed, you can use the <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py</span></code>
|
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command. See <a class="reference internal" href="../using/windows.html#setting-envvars"><span class="std std-ref">Excursus: Setting environment variables</span></a> for other ways to launch Python.</p>
|
||||
<p>Typing an end-of-file character (<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control</kbd>-<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">D</kbd> on Unix, <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control</kbd>-<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Z</kbd> on
|
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Windows) at the primary prompt causes the interpreter to exit with a zero exit
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status. If that doesn’t work, you can exit the interpreter by typing the
|
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following command: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quit()</span></code>.</p>
|
||||
<p>The interpreter’s line-editing features include interactive editing, history
|
||||
substitution and code completion on systems that support the <a class="reference external" href="https://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/rltop.html">GNU Readline</a> library.
|
||||
Perhaps the quickest check to see whether command line editing is supported is
|
||||
typing <kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">Control</kbd>-<kbd class="kbd docutils literal notranslate">P</kbd> to the first Python prompt you get. If it beeps, you
|
||||
have command line editing; see Appendix <a class="reference internal" href="interactive.html#tut-interacting"><span class="std std-ref">Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution</span></a> for an
|
||||
introduction to the keys. If nothing appears to happen, or if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">^P</span></code> is
|
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echoed, command line editing isn’t available; you’ll only be able to use
|
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backspace to remove characters from the current line.</p>
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<p>The interpreter operates somewhat like the Unix shell: when called with standard
|
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input connected to a tty device, it reads and executes commands interactively;
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when called with a file name argument or with a file as standard input, it reads
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and executes a <em>script</em> from that file.</p>
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<p>A second way of starting the interpreter is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-c</span> <span class="pre">command</span> <span class="pre">[arg]</span> <span class="pre">...</span></code>,
|
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which executes the statement(s) in <em>command</em>, analogous to the shell’s
|
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<a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-c</span></code></a> option. Since Python statements often contain spaces or other
|
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characters that are special to the shell, it is usually advised to quote
|
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<em>command</em> in its entirety.</p>
|
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<p>Some Python modules are also useful as scripts. These can be invoked using
|
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<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span> <span class="pre">-m</span> <span class="pre">module</span> <span class="pre">[arg]</span> <span class="pre">...</span></code>, which executes the source file for <em>module</em> as
|
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if you had spelled out its full name on the command line.</p>
|
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<p>When a script file is used, it is sometimes useful to be able to run the script
|
||||
and enter interactive mode afterwards. This can be done by passing <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-i"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-i</span></code></a>
|
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before the script.</p>
|
||||
<p>All command line options are described in <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#using-on-general"><span class="std std-ref">Command line and environment</span></a>.</p>
|
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<section id="argument-passing">
|
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<span id="tut-argpassing"></span><h3><span class="section-number">2.1.1. </span>Argument Passing<a class="headerlink" href="#argument-passing" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||||
<p>When known to the interpreter, the script name and additional arguments
|
||||
thereafter are turned into a list of strings and assigned to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argv</span></code>
|
||||
variable in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code> module. You can access this list by executing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span>
|
||||
<span class="pre">sys</span></code>. The length of the list is at least one; when no script and no arguments
|
||||
are given, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv[0]</span></code> is an empty string. When the script name is given as
|
||||
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'-'</span></code> (meaning standard input), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv[0]</span></code> is set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'-'</span></code>. When
|
||||
<a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-c</span></code></a> <em>command</em> is used, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv[0]</span></code> is set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'-c'</span></code>. When
|
||||
<a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-m"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span></code></a> <em>module</em> is used, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv[0]</span></code> is set to the full name of the
|
||||
located module. Options found after <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-c"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-c</span></code></a> <em>command</em> or <a class="reference internal" href="../using/cmdline.html#cmdoption-m"><code class="xref std std-option docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-m</span></code></a>
|
||||
<em>module</em> are not consumed by the Python interpreter’s option processing but
|
||||
left in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></code> for the command or module to handle.</p>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section id="interactive-mode">
|
||||
<span id="tut-interactive"></span><h3><span class="section-number">2.1.2. </span>Interactive Mode<a class="headerlink" href="#interactive-mode" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||||
<p>When commands are read from a tty, the interpreter is said to be in <em>interactive
|
||||
mode</em>. In this mode it prompts for the next command with the <em>primary prompt</em>,
|
||||
usually three greater-than signs (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">>>></span></code>); for continuation lines it prompts
|
||||
with the <em>secondary prompt</em>, by default three dots (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">...</span></code>). The interpreter
|
||||
prints a welcome message stating its version number and a copyright notice
|
||||
before printing the first prompt:</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-shell-session notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">$ </span>python3.13
|
||||
<span class="go">Python 3.13 (default, April 4 2023, 09:25:04)</span>
|
||||
<span class="go">[GCC 10.2.0] on linux</span>
|
||||
<span class="go">Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.</span>
|
||||
<span class="go">>>></span>
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>Continuation lines are needed when entering a multi-line construct. As an
|
||||
example, take a look at this <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#if"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">if</span></code></a> statement:</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">the_world_is_flat</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
|
||||
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">the_world_is_flat</span><span class="p">:</span>
|
||||
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Be careful not to fall off!"</span><span class="p">)</span>
|
||||
<span class="gp">...</span>
|
||||
<span class="go">Be careful not to fall off!</span>
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
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</div>
|
||||
<p>For more on interactive mode, see <a class="reference internal" href="appendix.html#tut-interac"><span class="std std-ref">Interactive Mode</span></a>.</p>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
</section>
|
||||
<section id="the-interpreter-and-its-environment">
|
||||
<span id="tut-interp"></span><h2><span class="section-number">2.2. </span>The Interpreter and Its Environment<a class="headerlink" href="#the-interpreter-and-its-environment" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
|
||||
<section id="source-code-encoding">
|
||||
<span id="tut-source-encoding"></span><h3><span class="section-number">2.2.1. </span>Source Code Encoding<a class="headerlink" href="#source-code-encoding" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
|
||||
<p>By default, Python source files are treated as encoded in UTF-8. In that
|
||||
encoding, characters of most languages in the world can be used simultaneously
|
||||
in string literals, identifiers and comments — although the standard library
|
||||
only uses ASCII characters for identifiers, a convention that any portable code
|
||||
should follow. To display all these characters properly, your editor must
|
||||
recognize that the file is UTF-8, and it must use a font that supports all the
|
||||
characters in the file.</p>
|
||||
<p>To declare an encoding other than the default one, a special comment line
|
||||
should be added as the <em>first</em> line of the file. The syntax is as follows:</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># -*- coding: encoding -*-</span>
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>where <em>encoding</em> is one of the valid <a class="reference internal" href="../library/codecs.html#module-codecs" title="codecs: Encode and decode data and streams."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codecs</span></code></a> supported by Python.</p>
|
||||
<p>For example, to declare that Windows-1252 encoding is to be used, the first
|
||||
line of your source code file should be:</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># -*- coding: cp1252 -*-</span>
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<p>One exception to the <em>first line</em> rule is when the source code starts with a
|
||||
<a class="reference internal" href="appendix.html#tut-scripts"><span class="std std-ref">UNIX “shebang” line</span></a>. In this case, the encoding
|
||||
declaration should be added as the second line of the file. For example:</p>
|
||||
<div class="highlight-python3 notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span>
|
||||
<span class="c1"># -*- coding: cp1252 -*-</span>
|
||||
</pre></div>
|
||||
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|
||||
<p class="rubric">Footnotes</p>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<p>On Unix, the Python 3.x interpreter is by default not installed with the
|
||||
executable named <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python</span></code>, so that it does not conflict with a
|
||||
simultaneously installed Python 2.x executable.</p>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
|
||||
<ul>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">2. Using the Python Interpreter</a><ul>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#invoking-the-interpreter">2.1. Invoking the Interpreter</a><ul>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#argument-passing">2.1.1. Argument Passing</a></li>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#interactive-mode">2.1.2. Interactive Mode</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-interpreter-and-its-environment">2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment</a><ul>
|
||||
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#source-code-encoding">2.2.1. Source Code Encoding</a></li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
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|
||||
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